Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
SpringerLink
Log in

Therapeutic Control of Hepatitis C Virus: The Role of Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies

  • Chapter
Human Antibody Therapeutics for Viral Disease

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 317))

Liver failure associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) accounts for a substantial portion of liver transplantation. Although current therapy helps some patients with chronic HCV infection, adverse side effects and a high relapse rate are major problems. These problems are compounded in liver transplant recipients as reinfection occurs shortly after transplantation. One approach to control reinfection is the combined use of specific antivirals together with HCV-specific antibodies. Indeed, a number of human and mouse monoclonal antibodies to conformational and linear epitopes on HCV envelope proteins are potential candidates, since they have high virus neutralization potency and are directed to epitopes conserved across diverse HCV genotypes. However, a greater understanding of the factors contributing to virus escape and the role of lipoproteins in masking virion surface domains involved in virus entry will be required to help define those protective determinants most likely to give broad protection. An approach to immune escape is potentially caused by viral infection of immune cells leading to the induction hypermutation of the immunoglobulin gene in B cells. These effects may contribute to HCV persistence and B cell lymphoproliferative diseases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allander T, Drakenberg K, Beyene A, Rosa D, Abrignani S, Houghton M, Widell A, Grillner L, Persson MA (2000) Recombinant human monoclonal antibodies against different conformational epitopes of the E2 envelope glycoprotein of hepatitis C virus that inhibit its interaction with CD81. J Gen Virol 81:2451–2459

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alter HJ, Seeff LB (2000) Recovery, persistence, and sequelae in hepatitis C virus infection: a perspective on long-term outcome. Semin Liver Dis 20:17–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Altomonte M, Montagner R, Pucillo C, Maio M (1996) Triggering of target of an antiproliferative antibody-1 (TAPA-1/CD81) up-regulates the release of tumour necrosis factor-alpha by the EBV-B lymphoblastoid cell line JY. Scand J Immunol 43:367–373

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Appay V, Dunbar PR, Callan M, Klenerman P, Gillespie GM, Papagno L, Ogg GS, King A, Lechner F, Spina CA, Little S, Havlir DV, Richman DD, Gruener N, Pape G, Waters A, Easterbrook P, Salio M, Cerundolo V, McMichael AJ, Rowland-Jones SL (2002) Memory CD8+ T cells vary in differentiation phenotype in different persistent virus infections. Nat Med 8:379–385

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Auffermann-Gretzinger S, Keeffe EB, Levy S (2001) Impaired dendritic cell maturation in patients with chronic, but not resolved, hepatitis C virus infection. Blood 97:3171–3176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barth H, Schafer C, Adah MI, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Toyoda H, Kinoshita-Toyoda A, Toida T, Van Kuppevelt TH, Depla E, Von Weizsacker F, Blum HE, Baumert TF (2003) Cellular binding of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein E2 requires cell surface heparan sulfate. J Biol Chem 278:41003–41012

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barth H, Ulsenheimer A, Pape GR, Diepolder HM, Hoffmann M, Neumann-Haefelin C, Thimme R, Henneke P, Klein R, Paranhos-Baccala G, Depla E, Liang TJ, Blum HE, Baumert TF (2005) Uptake and presentation of hepatitis C virus-like particles by human dendritic cells. Blood 105:3605–3614

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barth H, Schnober EK, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Depla E, Boson B, Cosset FL, Patel AH, Blum HE, Baumert TF (2006) Viral and cellular determinants of the hepatitis C virus envelope-heparan sulfate interaction. J Virol 80:10579–10590

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartosch B, Bukh J, Meunier JC, Granier C, Engle RE, Blackwelder WC, Emerson SU, Cosset FL, Purcell RH (2003a) In vitro assay for neutralizing antibody to hepatitis C virus: evidence for broadly conserved neutralization epitopes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:14199–14204

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartosch B, Dubuisson J, Cosset FL (2003b) Infectious hepatitis C virus pseudo-particles containing functional E1–E2 envelope protein complexes. J Exp Med 197:633–642

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartosch B, Vitelli A, Granier C, Goujon C, Dubuisson J, Pascale S, Scarselli E, Cortese R, Nicosia A, Cosset FL (2003c) Cell entry of hepatitis C virus requires a set of co-receptors that include the CD81 tetraspanin and the SR-B1 scavenger receptor. J Biol Chem 278:41624–41630

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartosch B, Verney G, Dreux M, Donot P, Morice Y, Penin F, Pawlotsky JM, Lavillette D, Cosset FL (2005) An interplay between hypervariable region 1 of the hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein, the scavenger receptor BI, and high-density lipoprotein promotes both enhancement of infection and protection against neutralizing antibodies. J Virol 79:8217–8229

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baumert TF, Ito S, Wong DT, Liang TJ (1998) Hepatitis C virus structural proteins assemble into viruslike particles in insect cells. J Virol 72:3827–3836

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beaumont T, Quakkelaar E, van Nuenen A, Pantophlet R, Schuitemaker H (2004) Increased sensitivity to CD4 binding site-directed neutralization following in vitro propagation on primary lymphocytes of a neutralization-resistant human immunodeficiency virus IIIB strain isolated from an accidentally infected laboratory worker. J Virol 78:5651–5657

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertolino P, McCaughan GW, Bowen DG (2002) Role of primary intrahepatic T-cell activation in the ‘liver tolerance effect’. Immunol Cell Biol 80:84–92

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beyene A, Basu A, Meyer K, Ray R (2002) Hepatitis C virus envelope glycoproteins and potential for vaccine development. Vox Sang 83 [Suppl 1]:27–32

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biggins SW, Terrault NA (2005) Treatment of recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Clin Liver Dis 9:505–523, ix

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Booth JC, Kumar U, Webster D, Monjardino J, Thomas HC (1998) Comparison of the rate of sequence variation in the hypervariable region of E2/NS1 region of hepatitis C virus in normal and hypogammaglobulinemic patients. Hepatology 27:223–227

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowen DG, Walker CM (2005a) Adaptive immune responses in acute and chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Nature 436:946–952

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowen DG, Walker CM (2005b) Mutational escape from CD8+ T cell immunity: HCV evolution, from chimpanzees to man. J Exp Med 201:1709–1714

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowen DG, Walker CM (2005c) The origin of quasispecies: cause or consequence of chronic hepatitis C viral infection? J Hepatol 42:408–417

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown RJ, Juttla VS, Tarr AW, Finnis R, Irving WL, Hemsley S, Flower DR, Borrow P, Ball JK (2005) Evolutionary dynamics of hepatitis C virus envelope genes during chronic infection. J Gen Virol 86:1931–1942

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown RJ, Tarr AW, McClure CP, Juttla VS, Tagiuri N, Irving WL, Ball JK (2007) Cross-genotype characterization of genetic diversity and molecular adaptation in hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein genes. J Gen Virol 88:458–469

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bugli F, Mancini N, Kang CY, Di Campli C, Grieco A, Manzin A, Gabrielli A, Gasbarrini A, Fadda G, Varaldo PE, Clementi M, Burioni R (2001) Mapping B-cell epitopes of hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein using human monoclonal antibodies from phage display libraries. J Virol 75:9986–9990

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bukh J, Miller RH, Purcell RH (1995) Genetic heterogeneity of hepatitis C virus: quasispecies and genotypes. Semin Liver Dis 15:41–63

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burioni R, Plaisant P, Manzin A, Rosa D, Delli Carri V, Bugli F, Solforosi L, Abrignani S, Varaldo PE, Fadda G, Clementi M (1998) Dissection of human humoral immune response against hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein by repertoire cloning and generation of recombinant Fab fragments. Hepatology 28:810–814

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burioni R, Bugli F, Mancini N, Rosa D, Di Campli C, Moroncini G, Manzin A, Abrignani S, Varaldo PE, Clementi M, Fadda G (2001) Nonneutralizing human antibody fragments against hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein modulate neutralization of binding activity of human recombinant Fabs. Virology 288:29–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burioni R, Mancini N, Carletti S, Perotti M, Grieco A, Canducci F, Varaldo PE, Clementi M (2004) Cross-reactive pseudovirus-neutralizing anti-envelope antibodies coexist with antibodies devoid of such activity in persistent hepatitis C virus infection. Virology 327:242–248

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burton DR, Barbas CF 3rd (1994) Human antibodies from combinatorial libraries. Adv Immunol 57:191–280

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burton DR, Saphire EO, Parren PW (2001) A model for neutralization of viruses based on antibody coating of the virion surface. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 260:109–143

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cai Z, Zhang C, Chang KS, Jiang J, Ahn BC, Wakita T, Liang TJ, Luo G (2005) Robust production of infectious hepatitis C virus (HCV) from stably HCV cDNA-transfected human hepatoma cells. J Virol 79:13963–13973

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carter RH, Fearon DT (1992) CD19: lowering the threshold for antigen receptor stimulation of B lymphocytes. Science 256:105–107

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casato M, Mecucci C, Agnello V, Fiorilli M, Knight GB, Matteucci C, Gao L, Kay J (2002) Regression of lymphoproliferative disorder after treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in a patient with partial trisomy 3, Bcl-2 overexpression, and type II cryoglobulinemia. Blood 99:2259–2261

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cerino A, Meola A, Segagni L, Furione M, Marciano S, Triyatni M, Liang TJ, Nicosia A, Mondelli MU (2001) Monoclonal antibodies with broad specificity for hepatitis C virus hypervariable region 1 variants can recognize viral particles. J Immunol 167:3878–3886

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang KM, Rehermann B, McHutchison JG, Pasquinelli C, Southwood S, Sette A, Chisari FV (1997) Immunological significance of cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope variants in patients chronically infected by the hepatitis C virus. J Clin Invest 100:2376–2385

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charlton M, Seaberg E, Wiesner R, Everhart J, Zetterman R, Lake J, Detre K, Hoofnagle J (1998) Predictors of patient and graft survival following liver transplantation for hepatitis C. Hepatology 28:823–830

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhuri J, Tian M, Khuong C, Chua K, Pinaud E, Alt FW (2003) Transcription-targeted DNA deamination by the AID antibody diversification enzyme. Nature 422:726–730

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choisy M, Woelk CH, Guegan JF, Robertson DL (2004) Comparative study of adaptive molecular evolution in different human immunodeficiency virus groups and subtypes. J Virol 78:1962–1970

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choo QL, Kuo G, Ralston R, Weiner A, Chien D, Van Nest G, Han J, Berger K, Thudium K, Kuo C, et al (1994) Vaccination of chimpanzees against infection by the hepatitis C virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:1294–1298

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clayton RF, Owsianka A, Aitken J, Graham S, Bhella D, Patel AH (2002) Analysis of antigenicity and topology of E2 glycoprotein present on recombinant hepatitis C virus-like particles. J Virol 76:7672–7682

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper S, Erickson AL, Adams EJ, Kansopon J, Weiner AJ, Chien DY, Houghton M, Parham P, Walker CM (1999) Analysis of a successful immune response against hepatitis C virus. Immunity 10:439–449

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooreman MP, Schoondermark-Van de Ven EM (1996) Hepatitis C virus: biological and clinical consequences of genetic heterogeneity. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 31:106–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox AL, Mosbruger T, Mao Q, Liu Z, Wang XH, Yang HC, Sidney J, Sette A, Pardoll D, Thomas DL, Ray SC (2005) Cellular immune selection with hepatitis C virus persistence in humans. J Exp Med 201:1741–1752

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crotta S, Stilla A, Wack A, D'Andrea A, Nuti S, D'Oro U, Mosca M, Filliponi F, Brunetto RM, Bonino F, Abrignani S, Valiante NM (2002) Inhibition of natural killer cells through engagement of CD81 by the major hepatitis C virus envelope protein. J Exp Med 195:35–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curran R, Jameson CL, Craggs JK, Grabowska AM, Thomson BJ, Robins A, Irving WL, Ball JK (2002) Evolutionary trends of the first hypervariable region of the hepatitis C virus E2 protein in individuals with differing liver disease severity. J Gen Virol 83:11–23

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis GL, Nelson DR, Terrault N, et al (2005) A randomized, open-label study to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of human hepatitis C immune globulin (Civacir) in liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 11:941–949

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Francesco R, Migliaccio G (2005) Challenges and successes in developing new therapies for hepatitis C. Nature 436:953–960

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Re V, De Vita S, Marzotto A, Rupolo M, Gloghini A, Pivetta B, Gasparotto D, Carbone A, Boiocchi M (2000) Sequence analysis of the immunoglobulin antigen receptor of hepatitis C virus-associated non-Hodgkin lymphomas suggests that the malignant cells are derived from the rheumatoid factor-producing cells that occur mainly in type II cryoglobulinemia. Blood 96:3578–3584

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Vita S, De Re V, Gasparotto D, Ballare M, Pivetta B, Ferraccioli G, Pileri S, Boiocchi M, Monteverde A (2000) Oligoclonal non-neoplastic B cell expansion is the key feature of type II mixed cryoglobulinemia: clinical and molecular findings do not support a bone marrow pathologic diagnosis of indolent B cell lymphoma. Arthritis Rheum 43:94–102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Depraetere S, Leroux-Roels G (1999) Hepatitis C virus envelope proteins: immunogenicity in humans and their role in diagnosis and vaccine development. Viral Hep Rev 5:113–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Di Noia J, Neuberger MS (2002) Altering the pathway of immunoglobulin hypermutation by inhibiting uracil-DNA glycosylase. Nature 419:43–48

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dreux M, Pietschmann T, Granier C, Voisset C, Ricard-Blum S, Mangeot PE, Keck Z, Foung S, Vu-Dac N, Dubuisson J, Bartenschlager R, Lavillette D, Cosset FL (2006) High density lipoprotein inhibits hepatitis C virus-neutralizing antibodies by stimulating cell entry via activation of the scavenger receptor BI. J Biol Chem 281:18285–18295

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drummer HE, Wilson KA, Poumbourios P (2002) Identification of the hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein binding site on the large extracellular loop of CD81. J Virol 76:11143–11147

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erickson AL, Kimura Y, Igarashi S, Eichelberger J, Houghton M, Sidney J, McKinney D, Sette A, Hughes AL, Walker CM (2001) The outcome of hepatitis C virus infection is predicted by escape mutations in epitopes targeted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Immunity 15:883–895

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Everhart JE, Wei Y, Eng H, Charlton MR, Persing DH, Wiesner RH, Germer JJ, Lake JR, Zetterman RK, Hoofnagle JH (1999) Recurrent and new hepatitis C virus infection after liver transplantation. Hepatology 29:1220–1226

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faili A, Aoufouchi S, Flatter E, Gueranger Q, Reynaud CA, Weill JC (2002) Induction of somatic hypermutation in immunoglobulin genes is dependent on DNA polymerase iota. Nature 419:944–947

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farci P, Alter HJ, Govindarajan S, Wong DC, Engle R, Lesniewski RR, Mushahwar IK, Desai SM, Miller RH, Ogata N, et al (1992) Lack of protective immunity against reinfection with hepatitis C virus. Science 258:135–140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farci P, Alter HJ, Wong DC, Miller RH, Govindarajan S, Engle R, Shapiro M, Purcell RH (1994) Prevention of hepatitis C virus infection in chimpanzees after antibody-mediated in vitro neutralization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:7792–7796

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farci P, Shimoda A, Wong D, Cabezon T, De Gioannis D, Strazzera A, Shimizu Y, Shapiro M, Alter HJ, Purcell RH (1996) Prevention of hepatitis C virus infection in chimpanzees by hyperimmune serum against the hypervariable region 1 of the envelope 2 protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:15394–15399

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farci P, Shimoda A, Coiana A, Diaz G, Peddis G, Melpolder JC, Strazzera A, Chien DY, Munoz SJ, Balestrieri A, Purcell RH, Alter HJ (2000) The outcome of acute hepatitis C predicted by the evolution of the viral quasispecies. Science 288:339–344

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fearon DT, Carter RH (1995) The CD19/CR2/TAPA-1 complex of B lymphocytes: linking natural to acquired immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 13:127–149

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitch WM, Margoliash E (1967) Construction of phylogenetic trees. Science 155:279–284

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flint M, Maidens C, Loomis-Price LD, Shotton C, Dubuisson J, Monk P, Higginbottom A, Levy S, McKeating JA (1999) Characterization of hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein interaction with a putative cellular receptor, CD81. J Virol 73:6235–6244

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flint M, Dubuisson J, Maidens C, Harrop R, Guile GR, Borrow P, McKeating JA (2000) Functional characterization of intracellular and secreted forms of a truncated hepatitis C virus E2 glycoprotein. J Virol 74:702–709

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forns X, Thimme R, Govindarajan S, Emerson SU, Purcell RH, Chisari FV, Bukh J (2000) Hepatitis C virus lacking the hypervariable region 1 of the second envelope protein is infectious and causes acute resolving or persistent infection in chimpanzees. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:13318–13323

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foung S, Perkins S, Kafadar K, Gessner P, Zimmermann U (1990) Development of microfusion techniques to generate human hybridomas. J Immunol Methods 134:35–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foung SK, Perkins S, Raubitschek A, Larrick J, Lizak G, Fishwild D, Engleman EG, Grumet FC (1984) Rescue of human monoclonal antibody production from an EBV-transformed B cell line by fusion to a human-mouse hybridoma. J Immunol Methods 70:83–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franzin F, Efremov DG, Pozzato G, Tulissi P, Batista F, Burrone OR (1995) Clonal B-cell expansions in peripheral blood of HCV-infected patients. Br J Haematol 90:548–552

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frasca L, Del Porto P, Tuosto L, Marinari B, Scotta C, Carbonari M, Nicosia A, Piccolella E (1999) Hypervariable region 1 variants act as TCR antagonists for hepatitis C virus-specific CD4+ T cells. J Immunol 163:650–658

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fung SK, Chae HB, Fontana RJ, Conjeevaram H, Marrero J, Oberhelman K, Hussain M, Lok AS (2006) Virologic response and resistance to adefovir in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 44:283–290

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Retortillo M, Forns X, Feliu A, Moitinho E, Costa J, Navasa M, Rimola A, Rodes J (2002) Hepatitis C virus kinetics during and immediately after liver transplantation. Hepatology 35:680–687

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gastaminza P, Kapadia SB, Chisari FV (2006) Differential biophysical properties of infectious intracellular and secreted hepatitis C virus particles. J Virol 80:11074–11081

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Germi R, Crance JM, Garin D, Guimet J, Lortat-Jacob H, Ruigrok RW, Zarski JP, Drouet E (2002) Cellular glycosaminoglycans and low density lipoprotein receptor are involved in hepatitis C virus adsorption. J Med Virol 68:206–215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goffard A, Callens N, Bartosch B, Wychowski C, Cosset FL, Montpellier C, Dubuisson J (2005) Role of N-linked glycans in the functions of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoproteins. J Virol 79:8400–8409

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goyenechea B, Klix N, Yelamos J, Williams GT, Riddell A, Neuberger MS, Milstein C (1997) Cells strongly expressing Ig(kappa) transgenes show clonal recruitment of hypermutation: a role for both MAR and the enhancers. EMBO J 16:3987–3994

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grakoui A, Shoukry NH, Woollard DJ, Han JH, Hanson HL, Ghrayeb J, Murthy KK, Rice CM, Walker CM (2003) HCV persistence and immune evasion in the absence of memory T cell help. Science 302:659–662

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gretch DR, Polyak SJ, Wilson JJ, Carithers RL Jr, Perkins JD, Corey L (1996) Tracking hepatitis C virus quasispecies major and minor variants in symptomatic and asymptomatic liver transplant recipients. J Virol 70:7622–7631

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gruener NH, Lechner F, Jung MC, Diepolder H, Gerlach T, Lauer G, Walker B, Sullivan J, Phillips R, Pape GR, Klenerman P (2001) Sustained dysfunction of antiviral CD8+ T lymphocytes after infection with hepatitis C virus. J Virol 75:5550–5558

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guidotti LG, Chisari FV (2001) Noncytolytic control of viral infections by the innate and adaptive immune response. Annu Rev Immunol 19:65–91

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habersetzer F, Fournillier A, Dubuisson J, Rosa D, Abrignani S, Wychowski C, Nakano I, Trepo C, Desgranges C, Inchauspe G (1998) Characterization of human monoclonal antibodies specific to the hepatitis C virus glycoprotein E2 with in vitro binding neutralization properties. Virology 249:32–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hadlock KG, Lanford RE, Perkins S, Rowe J, Yang Q, Levy S, Pileri P, Abrignani S, Foung SK (2000) Human monoclonal antibodies that inhibit binding of hepatitis C virus E2 protein to CD81 and recognize conserved conformational epitopes. J Virol 74:10407–10416

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanley J, Jarvis L, Simmonds P, Parker A, Ludlam C (1996) HCV and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Lancet 347:1339

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris SL, Craig L, Mehroke JS, Rashed M, Zwick MB, Kenar K, Toone EJ, Greenspan N, Auzanneau FI, Marino-Albernas JR, Pinto BM, Scott JK (1997) Exploring the basis of peptide-carbohydrate crossreactivity: evidence for discrimination by peptides between closely related anti-carbohydrate antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:2454–2459

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hijikata M, Shimizu YK, Kato H, Iwamoto A, Shih JW, Alter HJ, Purcell RH, Yoshikura H (1993) Equilibrium centrifugation studies of hepatitis C virus: evidence for circulating immune complexes. J Virol 67:1953–1958

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Honda M, Kaneko S, Sakai A, Unoura M, Murakami S, Kobayashi K (1994) Degree of diversity of hepatitis C virus quasispecies and progression of liver disease. Hepatology 20:1144–1151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Houghton M (1996) The hepatitis C virus. In: Knight DM, Howley PM (eds) Fields virology. Lippincott–Raven, Philadelphia, pp 1035–1058

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu M, Zhang J, Flint M, Logvinoff C, Cheng-Mayer C, Rice CM, McKeating JA (2003) Hepatitis C virus glycoproteins mediate pH-dependent cell entry of pseudotyped retroviral particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:7271–7276

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishii K, Rosa D, Watanabe Y, Katayama T, Harada H, Wyatt C, Kiyosawa K, Aizaki H, Matsuura Y, Houghton M, Abrignani S, Miyamura T (1998) High titers of antibodies inhibiting the binding of envelope to human cells correlate with natural resolution of chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 28:1117–1120

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ivanovski M, Silvestri F, Pozzato G, Anand S, Mazzaro C, Burrone OR, Efremov DG (1998) Somatic hypermutation, clonal diversity, and preferential expression of the VH 51p1/VL kv325 immunoglobulin gene combination in hepatitis C virus-associated immunocytomas. Blood 91:2433–2442

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaneko T, Moriyama T, Udaka K, Hiroishi K, Kita H, Okamoto H, Yagita H, Okumura K, Imawari M (1997) Impaired induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by antagonism of a weak agonist borne by a variant hepatitis C virus epitope. Eur J Immunol 27:1782–1787

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keck ZY, Op De Beeck A, Hadlock KG, Xia J, Li TK, Dubuisson J, Foung SK (2004a) Hepatitis C virus E2 has three immunogenic domains containing conformational epitopes with distinct properties and biological functions. J Virol 78:9224–9232

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keck ZY, Sung VM, Perkins S, Rowe J, Paul S, Liang TJ, Lai MM, Foung SK (2004b) Human monoclonal antibody to hepatitis C virus E1 glycoprotein that blocks virus attachment and viral infectivity. J Virol 78:7257–7263

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keck ZY, Li TK, Xia J, Bartosch B, Cosset FL, Dubuisson J, Foung SK (2005) Analysis of a highly flexible conformational immunogenic domain A in hepatitis C virus E2. J Virol 79:13199–13208

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keck ZY, Xia J, Cai Z, Li TK, Owsianka AM, Patel AH, Luo G, Foung SK (2007) Immunogenic and functional organization of hepatitis C virus (HCV) glycoprotein E2 on infectious HCV virions. J Virol 81:1043–1047

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura Y, Gushima T, Rawale S, Kaumaya P, Walker CM (2005) Escape mutations alter proteasome processing of major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted epitopes in persistent hepatitis C virus infection. J Virol 79:4870–4876

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kizaki M, Sakashita A, Karmakar A, Lin CW, Koeffler HP (1993) Regulation of manganese superoxide dismutase and other antioxidant genes in normal and leukemic hematopoietic cells and their relationship to cytotoxicity by tumor necrosis factor. Blood 82:1142–1150

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kondo Y, Sung VM, Machida K, Liu M, Lai MM (2007) Hepatitis C virus infects T cells and affects interferon-gamma signaling in T cell lines. Virology 361:161–173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koziel MJ, Dudley D, Afdhal N, Grakoui A, Rice CM, Choo QL, Houghton M, Walker BD (1995) HLA class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for hepatitis C virus. Identification of multiple epitopes and characterization of patterns of cytokine release. J Clin Invest 96:2311–2321

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krawczynski K, Alter MJ, Tankersley DL, Beach M, Robertson BH, Lambert S, Kuo G, Spelbring JE, Meeks E, Sinha S, Carson DA (1996) Effect of immune globulin on the prevention of experimental hepatitis C virus infection. J Infect Dis 173:822–828

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar U, Monjardino J, Thomas HC (1994) Hypervariable region of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein (E2/NS1) in an agammaglobulinemic patient. Gastroenterology 106:1072–1075

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lai ME, Mazzoleni AP, Argiolu F, De Virgilis S, Balestrieri A, Purcell RH, Cao A, Farci P (1994) Hepatitis C virus in multiple episodes of acute hepatitis in polytransfused thalassaemic children. Lancet 343:388–390

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lavillette D, Tarr AW, Voisset C, Donot P, Bartosch B, Bain C, Patel AH, Dubuisson J, Ball JK, Cosset FL (2005) Characterization of host-range and cell entry properties of the major genotypes and subtypes of hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 41:265–274

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lechner F, Wong DK, Dunbar PR, Chapman R, Chung RT, Dohrenwend P, Robbins G, Phillips R, Klenerman P, Walker BD (2000) Analysis of successful immune responses in persons infected with hepatitis C virus. J Exp Med 191:1499–1512

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy S, Todd SC, Maecker HT (1998) CD81 (TAPA-1): a molecule involved in signal transduction and cell adhesion in the immune system. Annu Rev Immunol 16:89–109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindenbach BD, Rice CM (2001) Flaviviridae: the viruses and their replication. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM (eds) Fields virology. Lippincott–Raven, Philadelphia, pp 991–1041

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindenbach BD, Evans MJ, Syder AJ, Wolk B, Tellinghuisen TL, Liu CC, Maruyama T, Hynes RO, Burton DR, McKeating JA, Rice CM (2005) Complete replication of hepatitis C virus in cell culture. Science 309:623–626

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Logvinoff C, Major ME, Oldach D, Heyward S, Talal A, Balfe P, Feinstone SM, Alter H, Rice CM, McKeating JA (2004) Neutralizing antibody response during acute and chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:10149–10154

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Machida K, Cheng KT, Sung VM, Lee KJ, Levine AM, Lai MM (2004a) Hepatitis C virus infection activates the immunologic (type II) isoform of nitric oxide synthase and thereby enhances DNA damage and mutations of cellular genes. J Virol 78:8835–8843

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Machida K, Cheng KT, Sung VM, Shimodaira S, Lindsay KL, Levine AM, Lai MY, Lai MM (2004b) Hepatitis C virus induces a mutator phenotype: enhanced mutations of immunoglobulin and protooncogenes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:4262–4267

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Machida K, Cheng KT, Sung VM, Levine AM, Foung S, Lai MM (2005) Hepatitis C virus E2-CD81 interaction induces hypermutation of the immunoglobulin gene in B cells. J Virol 79:8079–8089

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Majid A, Jackson P, Lawal Z, Pearson GM, Parker H, Alexander GJ, Allain JP, Petrik J (1999) Ontogeny of hepatitis C virus (HCV) hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) heterogeneity and HVR1 antibody responses over a 3 year period in a patient infected with HCV type 2b. J Gen Virol 80:317–325

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Major M, Rehermann B, Feinstone SM (2001) Hepatitis C viruses. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM (eds) Fields virology. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 1127–1162

    Google Scholar 

  • Martell M, Esteban JI, Quer J, Vargas V, Esteban R, Guardia J, Gomez J (1994) Dynamic behavior of hepatitis C virus quasispecies in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. J Virol 68:3425–3436

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McAllister J, Casino C, Davidson F, Power J, Lawlor E, Yap PL, Simmonds P, Smith DB (1998) Long-term evolution of the hypervariable region of hepatitis C virus in a common-source-infected cohort. J Virol 72:4893–4905

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKeating JA, Zhang LQ, Logvinoff C, Flint M, Zhang J, Yu J, Butera D, Ho DD, Dustin LB, Rice CM, Balfe P (2004) Diverse hepatitis C virus glycoproteins mediate viral infection in a CD81-dependent manner. J Virol 78:8496–8505

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLauchlan J, Lemberg MK, Hope G, Martoglio B (2002) Intramembrane proteolysis promotes trafficking of hepatitis C virus core protein to lipid droplets. EMBO J 21:3980–3988

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mehta SH, Cox A, Hoover DR, Wang XH, Mao Q, Ray S, Strathdee SA, Vlahov D, Thomas DL (2002) Protection against persistence of hepatitis C. Lancet 359:1478–1483

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer K, Basu A, Ray R (2000) Functional features of hepatitis C virus glycoproteins for pseudotype virus entry into mammalian cells. Virology 276:214–226

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer K, Basu A, Przysiecki CT, Lagging LM, Di Bisceglie AM, Conley AJ, Ray R (2002) Complement-mediated enhancement of antibody function for neutralization of pseudotype virus containing hepatitis C virus E2 chimeric glycoprotein. J Virol 76:2150–2158

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Misiani R, Bellavita P, Fenili D, Vicari O, Marchesi D, Sironi PL, Zilio P, Vernocchi A, Massazza M, Vendramin G, et al (1994) Interferon alfa-2a therapy in cryoglobulinemia associated with hepatitis C virus. N Engl J Med 330:751–756

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyazaki T, Muller U, Campbell KS (1997) Normal development but differentially altered proliferative responses of lymphocytes in mice lacking CD81. EMBO J 16:4217–4225

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muramatsu M, Sankaranand VS, Anant S, Sugai M, Kinoshita K, Davidson NO, Honjo T (1999) Specific expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a novel member of the RNA-editing deaminase family in germinal center B cells. J Biol Chem 274:18470–18476

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann AU, Lam NP, Dahari H, Gretch DR, Wiley TE, Layden TJ, Perelson AS (1998) Hepatitis C viral dynamics in vivo and the antiviral efficacy of interferon-alpha therapy. Science 282:103–107

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen SU, Bassendine MF, Burt AD, Martin C, Pumeechockchai W, Toms GL (2006) Association between hepatitis C virus and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)/LDL analyzed in iodixanol density gradients. J Virol 80:2418–2428

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Op De Beeck A, Voisset C, Bartosch B, Ciczora Y, Cocquerel L, Keck Z, Foung S, Cosset FL, Dubuisson J (2004) Characterization of functional hepatitis C virus envelope glycoproteins. J Virol 78:2994–3002

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owsianka A, Clayton RF, Loomis-Price LD, McKeating JA, Patel AH (2001) Functional analysis of hepatitis C virus E2 glycoproteins and virus-like particles reveals structural dissimilarities between different forms of E2. J Gen Virol 82:1877–1883

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owsianka A, Tarr AW, Juttla VS, Lavillette D, Bartosch B, Cosset FL, Ball JK, Patel AH (2005) Monoclonal antibody AP33 defines a broadly neutralizing epitope on the hepatitis C virus E2 envelope glycoprotein. J Virol 79:11095–11104

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owsianka AM, Timms JM, Tarr AW, Brown RJ, Hickling TP, Szwejk A, Bienkowska-Szewczyk K, Thomson BJ, Patel AH, Ball JK (2006) Identification of conserved residues in the E2 envelope glycoprotein of the hepatitis C virus that are critical for CD81 binding. J Virol 80:8695–8704

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Papavasiliou FN, Schatz DG (2002) Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes: merging mechanisms for genetic diversity. Cell 109 Suppl:S35–44

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penin F, Combet C, Germanidis G, Frainais PO, Deleage G, Pawlotsky JM (2001) Conservation of the conformation and positive charges of hepatitis C virus E2 envelope glycoprotein hypervariable region 1 points to a role in cell attachment. J Virol 75:5703–5710

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perkins S, Zimmermann U, Foung SK (1991) Parameters to enhance human hybridoma formation with hypoosmolar electrofusion. Hum Antibodies Hybridomas 2:155–159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perrillo RP, Wright T, Rakela J, et al (2001) A multicenter United States-Canadian trial to assess lamivudine monotherapy before and after liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 33:424–432

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pestka JM, Zeisel MB, Bl ser E, Schürmann P, Bartosch B, Cosset F-L, Patel AH, Meisel H, Baumert J, Viazov S, Rispeter K, Blum HE, Roggendorf M, Baumert TF (2007) Rapid induction of virus-neutralizing antibodies and viral clearance in a single-source outbreak of hepatitis C. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:6025–6030

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen-Mahrt SK, Harris RS, Neuberger MS (2002) AID mutates E. coli suggesting a DNA deamination mechanism for antibody diversification. Nature 418:99–103

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piazza M, Sagliocca L, Tosone G, Guadagnino V, Stazi MA, Orlando R, Borgia G, Rosa D, Abrignani S, Palumbo F, Manzin A, Clementi M (1997) Sexual transmission of the hepatitis C virus and efficacy of prophylaxis with intramuscular immune serum globulin. A randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 157:1537–1544

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pietschmann T, Kaul A, Koutsoudakis G, Shavinskaya A, Kallis S, Steinmann E, Abid K, Negro F, Dreux M, Cosset FL, Bartenschlager R (2006) Construction and characterization of infectious intragenotypic and intergenotypic hepatitis C virus chimeras. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:7408–7413

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pileri P, Uematsu Y, Campagnoli S, Galli G, Falugi F, Petracca R, Weiner AJ, Houghton M, Rosa D, Grandi G, Abrignani S (1998) Binding of hepatitis C virus to CD81. Science 282:938–941

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinter A, Honnen WJ, He Y, Gorny MK, Zolla-Pazner S, Kayman SC (2004) The V1/V2 domain of gp120 is a global regulator of the sensitivity of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates to neutralization by antibodies commonly induced upon Infection. J Virol 78:5205–5215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Post JJ, Pan Y, Freeman AJ, et al (2004) Clearance of hepatitis C viremia associated with cellular immunity in the absence of seroconversion in the hepatitis C incidence and transmission in prisons study cohort. J Infect Dis 189:1846–1855

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pugach P, Kuhmann SE, Taylor J, Marozsan AJ, Snyder A, Ketas T, Wolinsky SM, Korber BT, Moore JP (2004) The prolonged culture of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in primary lymphocytes increases its sensitivity to neutralization by soluble CD4. Virology 321:8–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Puig M, Major ME, Mihalik K, Feinstone SM (2004) Immunization of chimpanzees with an envelope protein-based vaccine enhances specific humoral and cellular immune responses that delay hepatitis C virus infection. Vaccine 22:991–1000

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Puntoriero G, Meola A, Lahm A, Zucchelli S, Ercole BB, Tafi R, Pezzanera M, Mondelli MU, Cortese R, Tramontano A, Galfre' G, Nicosia A (1998) Towards a solution for hepatitis C virus hypervariability: mimotopes of the hypervariable region 1 can induce antibodies cross-reacting with a large number of viral variants. EMBO J 17:3521–3533

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rada C, Milstein C (2001) The intrinsic hypermutability of antibody heavy and light chain genes decays exponentially. EMBO J 20:4570–4576

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radkowski M, Bednarska A, Horban A, Stanczak J, Wilkinson J, Adair DM, Nowicki M, Rakela J, Laskus T (2004) Infection of primary human macrophages with hepatitis C virus in vitro: induction of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 8. J Gen Virol 85:47–59

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ray SC, Wang YM, Laeyendecker O, Ticehurst JR, Villano SA, Thomas DL (1999) Acute hepatitis C virus structural gene sequences as predictors of persistent viremia: hypervariable region 1 as a decoy. J Virol 73:2938–2946

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ray SC, Fanning L, Wang XH, Netski DM, Kenny-Walsh E, Thomas DL (2005) Divergent and convergent evolution after a common-source outbreak of hepatitis C virus. J Exp Med 201:1753–1759

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson B, Myers G, Howard C, et al (1998) Classification, nomenclature, and database development for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and related viruses: proposals for standardization. International Committee on Virus Taxonomy. Arch Virol 143:2493–2503

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roccasecca R, Folgori A, Ercole BB, Puntoriero G, Lahm A, Zucchelli S, Tafi R, Pezzanera M, Galfre G, Tramontano A, Mondelli MU, Pessi A, Nicosia A, Cortese R, Meola A (2001) Mimotopes of the hyper variable region 1 of the hepatitis C virus induce cross-reactive antibodies directed against discontinuous epitopes. Mol Immunol 38:485–492

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rollier C, Depla E, Drexhage JA, Verschoor EJ, Verstrepen BE, Fatmi A, Brinster C, Fournillier A, Whelan JA, Whelan M, Jacobs D, Maertens G, Inchauspe G, Heeney JL (2004) Control of heterologous hepatitis C virus infection in chimpanzees is associated with the quality of vaccine-induced peripheral T-helper immune response. J Virol 78:187–196

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosa D, Campagnoli S, Moretto C, Guenzi E, Cousens L, Chin M, Dong C, Weiner AJ, Lau JY, Choo QL, Chien D, Pileri P, Houghton M, Abrignani S (1996) A quantitative test to estimate neutralizing antibodies to the hepatitis C virus: cytofluorimetric assessment of envelope glycoprotein 2 binding to target cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:1759–1763

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rushbrook SM, Ward SM, Unitt E, Vowler SL, Lucas M, Klenerman P, Alexander GJ (2005) Regulatory T cells suppress in vitro proliferation of virus-specific CD8+ T cells during persistent hepatitis C virus infection. J Virol 79:7852–7859

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez-Quijano A, Pineda JA, Lissen E, Leal M, Diaz-Torres MA, Garcia De Pesquera F, Rivera F, Castro R, Munoz J (1988) Prevention of post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis by non-specific immunoglobulin in heart surgery patients. Lancet 1:1245–1249

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sasso EH (2000) The rheumatoid factor response in the etiology of mixed cryoglobulins associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Ann Med Interne (Paris) 151:30–40

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scarselli E, Ansuini H, Cerino R, Roccasecca RM, Acali S, Filocamo G, Traboni C, Nicosia A, Cortese R, Vitelli A (2002) The human scavenger receptor class B type I is a novel candidate receptor for the hepatitis C virus. EMBO J 21:5017–5025

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schofield DJ, Bartosch B, Shimizu YK, Allander T, Alter HJ, Emerson SU, Cosset FL, Purcell RH (2005) Human monoclonal antibodies that react with the E2 glycoprotein of hepatitis C virus and possess neutralizing activity. Hepatology 42:1055–1062

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schreibman IR, Schiff ER (2006) Prevention and treatment of recurrent hepatitis B after liver transplantation: the current role of nucleoside and nucleotide analogues. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 5:8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seifert U, Liermann H, Racanelli V, Halenius A, Wiese M, Wedemeyer H, Ruppert T, Rispeter K, Henklein P, Sijts A, Hengel H, Kloetzel PM, Rehermann B (2004) Hepatitis C virus mutation affects proteasomal epitope processing. J Clin Invest 114:250–259

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheridan I, Pybus OG, Holmes EC, Klenerman P (2004) High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis C virus adaptation and its relationship to disease progression. J Virol 78:3447–3454

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu YK, Hijikata M, Iwamoto A, Alter HJ, Purcell RH, Yoshikura H (1994) Neutralizing antibodies against hepatitis C virus and the emergence of neutralization escape mutant viruses. J Virol 68:1494–1500

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu YK, Igarashi H, Kiyohara T, Cabezon T, Farci P, Purcell RH, Yoshikura H (1996) A hyperimmune serum against a synthetic peptide corresponding to the hypervariable region 1 of hepatitis C virus can prevent viral infection in cell cultures. Virology 223:409–412

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shoukry NH, Cawthon AG, Walker CM (2004) Cell-mediated immunity and the outcome of hepatitis C virus infection. Annu Rev Microbiol 58:391–424

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siemoneit K, Cardoso Mda S, Koerner K, Wolpl A, Kubanek B (1995) Human monoclonal antibodies for the immunological characterization of a highly conserved protein domain of the hepatitis C virus glycoprotein E1. Clin Exp Immunol 101:278–283

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silvestri F, Barillari G, Fanin R, Pipan C, Falasca E, Salmaso F, Zaja F, Infanti L, Patriarca F, Botta GA, Baccarani M (1997) The genotype of the hepatitis C virus in patients with HCV-related B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Leukemia 11:2157–2161

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simmonds P, Bukh J, Combet C, et al (2005) Consensus proposals for a unified system of nomenclature of hepatitis C virus genotypes. Hepatology 42:962–973

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith DB (1999) Evolution of the hypervariable region of hepatitis C virus. J Viral Hepat 6 [Suppl 1]:41–46

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith TJ (2001) Antibody interactions with rhinovirus: lessons for mechanisms of neutralization and the role of immunity in viral evolution. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 260:1–28

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sneath PHA, Sokal RR (1973) Taxonomic structure. In: Numerical taxonomy. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, pp 230–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Soldaini E, Wack A, D'Oro U, Nuti S, Ulivieri C, Baldari CT, Abrignani S (2003) T cell costimulation by the hepatitis C virus envelope protein E2 binding to CD81 is mediated by Lck. Eur J Immunol 33:455–464

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinmann D, Barth H, Gissler B, Schurmann P, Adah MI, Gerlach JT, Pape GR, Depla E, Jacobs D, Maertens G, Patel AH, Inchauspe G, Liang TJ, Blum HE, Baumert TF (2004) Inhibition of hepatitis C virus-like particle binding to target cells by antiviral antibodies in acute and chronic hepatitis C. J Virol 78:9030–9040

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sugg U, Schneider W, Hoffmeister HE, Huth C, Stephan W, Lissner R, Haase W (1985) Hepatitis B immune globulin to prevent non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis. Lancet 1:405–406

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan J, Swofford DL, Naylor JP (1999) The effect of taxon sampling on estimating rate heterogeneity parameters of maximum-likelihood models. Mol Biol Evol 16:1347–1356

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sung VM, Shimodaira S, Doughty AL, Picchio GR, Can H, Yen TS, Lindsay KL, Levine AM, Lai MM (2003) Establishment of B-cell lymphoma cell lines persistently infected with hepatitis C virus in vivo and in vitro: the apoptotic effects of virus infection. J Virol 77:2134–2146

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi S, Doss C, Levy S, Levy R (1990) TAPA-1, the target of an antiproliferative antibody, is associated on the cell surface with the Leu-13 antigen. J Immunol 145:2207–2213

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tarr AW, Owsianka AM, Timms JM, McClure CP, Brown RJ, Hickling TP, Pietschmann T, Bartenschlager R, Patel AH, Ball JK (2006) Characterization of the hepatitis C virus E2 epitope defined by the broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody AP33. Hepatology 43:592–601

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tester I, Smyk-Pearson S, Wang P, Wertheimer A, Yao E, Lewinsohn DM, Tavis JE, Rosen HR (2005) Immune evasion versus recovery after acute hepatitis C virus infection from a shared source. J Exp Med 201:1725–1731

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Timm J, Lauer GM, Kavanagh DG, Sheridan I, Kim AY, Lucas M, Pillay T, Ouchi K, Reyor LL, Schulze zur Wiesch J, Gandhi RT, Chung RT, Bhardwaj N, Klenerman P, Walker BD, Allen TM (2004) CD8 epitope escape and reversion in acute HCV infection. J Exp Med 200:1593–1604

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Triyatni M, Vergalla J, Davis AR, Hadlock KG, Foung SK, Liang TJ (2002) Structural features of envelope proteins on hepatitis C virus-like particles as determined by anti-envelope monoclonal antibodies and CD81 binding. Virology 298:124–132

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai SL, Chen YM, Chen MH, Huang CY, Sheen IS, Yeh CT, Huang JH, Kuo GC, Liaw YF (1998) Hepatitis C virus variants circumventing cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity as a mechanism of chronicity. Gastroenterology 115:954–965

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tseng CT, Klimpel GR (2002) Binding of the hepatitis C virus envelope protein E2 to CD81 inhibits natural killer cell functions. J Exp Med 195:43–49

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voisset C, Op de Beeck A, Horellou P, Dreux M, Gustot T, Duverlie G, Cosset FL, Vu-Dac N, Dubuisson J (2006) High-density lipoproteins reduce the neutralizing effect of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patient antibodies by promoting HCV entry. J Gen Virol 87:2577–2581

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • von Hahn T, Yoon JC, Alter H, Rice CM, Rehermann B, Balfe P, McKeating JA (2007) Hepatitis C virus continuously escapes from neutralizing antibody and T-cell responses during chronic infection in vivo. Gastroenterology 132:667–678

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wakita T, Pietschmann T, Kato T, Date T, Miyamoto M, Zhao Z, Murthy K, Habermann A, Krausslich HG, Mizokami M, Bartenschlager R, Liang TJ (2005) Production of infectious hepatitis C virus in tissue culture from a cloned viral genome. Nat Med 11:791–796

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wedemeyer H, He XS, Nascimbeni M, Davis AR, Greenberg HB, Hoofnagle JH, Liang TJ, Alter H, Rehermann B (2002) Impaired effector function of hepatitis C virus-specific CD8+ T cells in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Immunol 169:3447–3458

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner A, Erickson AL, Kansopon J, Crawford K, Muchmore E, Hughes AL, Houghton M, Walker CM (1995) Persistent hepatitis C virus infection in a chimpanzee is associated with emergence of a cytotoxic T lymphocyte escape variant. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:2755–2759

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weng WK, Levy S (2003) Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and lymphomagenesis. Leuk Lymphoma 44:1113–1120

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong GH, Goeddel DV (1988) Induction of manganous superoxide dismutase by tumor necrosis factor: possible protective mechanism. Science 242:941–944

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Z, Bielawski JP (2000) Statistical methods for detecting molecular adaptation. Trends Ecol Evol 15:496–503

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yi M, Villanueva RA, Thomas DL, Wakita T, Lemon SM (2006) Production of infectious genotype 1a hepatitis C virus (Hutchinson strain) in cultured human hepatoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:2310–2315

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zan H, Komori A, Li Z, Cerutti A, Schaffer A, Flajnik MF, Diaz M, Casali P (2001) The translesion DNA polymerase zeta plays a major role in Ig and bcl-6 somatic hypermutation. Immunity 14:643–653

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng X, Winter DB, Kasmer C, Kraemer KH, Lehmann AR, Gearhart PJ (2001) DNA polymerase eta is an A-T mutator in somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin variable genes. Nat Immunol 2:537–541

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Randall G, Higginbottom A, Monk P, Rice CM, McKeating JA (2004) CD81 is required for hepatitis C virus glycoprotein-mediated viral infection. J Virol 78:1448–1455

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhong J, Gastaminza P, Cheng G, Kapadia S, Kato T, Burton DR, Wieland SF, Uprichard SL, Wakita T, Chisari FV (2005) Robust hepatitis C virus infection in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:9294–9299

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou YH, Shimizu YK, Esumi M (2000) Monoclonal antibodies to the hypervariable region 1 of hepatitis C virus capture virus and inhibit virus adsorption to susceptible cells in vitro. Virology 269:276–283

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zibert A, Schreier E, Roggendorf M (1995) Antibodies in human sera specific to hypervariable region 1 of hepatitis C virus can block viral attachment. Virology 208:653–661

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zibert A, Kraas W, Meisel H, Jung G, Roggendorf M (1997) Epitope mapping of antibodies directed against hypervariable region 1 in acute self-limiting and chronic infections due to hepatitis C virus. J Virol 71:4123–4127

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann U, Gessner P, Schnettler R, Perkins S, Foung SK (1990) Efficient hybridization of mouse-human cell lines by means of hypo-osmolar electrofusion. J Immunol Methods 134:43–50

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zucchelli S, Roccasecca R, Meola A, Ercole BB, Tafi R, Dubuisson J, Galfre G, Cortese R, Nicosia A (2001) Mimotopes of the hepatitis C virus hypervariable region 1, but not the natural sequences, induce cross-reactive antibody response by genetic immunization. Hepatology 33:692–703

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman E, Zuckerman T, Levine AM, Douer D, Gutekunst K, Mizokami M, Qian DG, Velankar M, Nathwani BN, Fong TL (1997) Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Ann Intern Med 127:423–428

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, 90033, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    K. Machida & M. M. C. Lai

  2. Department of Pathology, Stanford Medical School Blood Center, 94304, Palo Alto, CA, USA

    Z. Y. Keck & S. K. H. Foung

  3. Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, NG7 2UH, Nottingham, UK

    J. K. Ball

  4. MRC Virology Unit, Institute of Virology, University of Glasgow, Church Street, G11 5JR, Glasgow, UK

    A. H. Patel

Authors
  1. K. Machida
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Z. Y. Keck
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M. M. C. Lai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. J. K. Ball
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. A. H. Patel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. S. K. H. Foung
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut St, 19107, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Scott K. Dessain MD, PhD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Machida, K., Keck, Z.Y., Lai, M.M.C., Ball, J.K., Patel, A.H., Foung, S.K.H. (2008). Therapeutic Control of Hepatitis C Virus: The Role of Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies. In: Dessain, S.K. (eds) Human Antibody Therapeutics for Viral Disease. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 317. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72146-8_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation