Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease with a 5-year survival rate of 3%–5%. The mortality of pancreatic cancer is almost identical with its incidence. The vast majority are pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. It is typically a tumour of the elderly. The main risk factor is smoking. Clinical and histopathological studies have identified pancreatic cancer precursor lesions. These include pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasia (IPMN) and mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN). To improve patient prognosis, surgical interventions have become more aggressive, including pancreaticoduodenectomy and more or less radical lymphadenectomy. Following surgery, it is the surgical pathologist who provides valuable information regarding the exact tumour localization, histological tumour type, grading, completeness of resection, nodal status and the presence of precursor lesions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adsay NV, Basturk O, Bonnett M, et al. (2005) A proposal for a new and more practical grading scheme for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 29:724–733
Albores-Saaverda J, Hefess C, Hruban RH, et al. (1998) Recommendations for the reporting of pancreatic specimens containing malignant tumours. Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology. Hum Pathol 29:893–895
Alderson D, Johnson CD, Neoptolomeos JP, et al. (2005) Guidelines for the management of patients with pancreatic cancer periampullary and ampullary carcinomas. Gut 54 [Suppl 5]:v1–v16
Anderson NL, Anderson NG (2002) The human plasma proteome: history, character, and diagnostic prospects. Mol Cell Proteomics 1:845–867
Anderson NL, Polanski M, Pieper R, et al. (2004) The human plasma proteome: a non-redundant list developed by combination of four separate sources. Mol Cell Proteomics 3:311–326
Benassai G, Mastrorilli M, Quarto G, et al. (2000) Factors influencing survival after resection for ductal adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas. J Surg Oncol 73:212–218
Bhattacharyya S, Siegel ER, Petersen GM, et al. (2004) Diagnosis of pancreatic cancer using serum proteomic profiling. Neoplasia 6:674–686
Brennan MF, Kattan MW, Klimstra D, Conlon K (2004) Prognostic nomogram for patients undergoing resection for adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Ann Surg 240:293–298
Carpelan-Holmstrom M, Nordling S, Pukkala E, et al. (2005) Does anyone survive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma? A nationwide study re-evaluating the data of the Finnish Cancer Registry. Gut 54:385–387
Chen R, Yi EC, Donohoe S, Pan S, et al. (2005) Pancreatic cancer proteome: the proteins that underlie invasion, metastasis, and immunologic escape. Gastroenterology 129:1187–1197
Compton CC, Henson DE (1997) Protocol for the examination of specimens removed from patients with carcinoma of the exocrine pancreas: a basis for checklists. Cancer Committee, College of American Pathologists. Arch Pathol Lab Med 121:1129–1136
Ebert MP, Korc M, Malfertheiner P, Röcken C (2006) Advances, challenges, and limitations in serum-proteome-based cancer diagnosis. J Proteome Res 5:19–25
Garcea G, Neal CP, Pattenden CJ, et al. (2005) Molecular prognostic markers in pancreatic cancer: a systematic review. Eur J Cancer 41:2213–2236
Gebhardt C, Meyer W, Reichel M, Wunsch PH (2000) Prognostic factors in the operative treatment of ductal pancreatic carcinoma. Langenbecks Arch Surg 385:14–20
Gronborg M, Bunkenborg J, Kristiansen TZ, et al. (2004) Comprehensive proteomic analysis of human pancreatic juice. J Proteome Res 3:1042–1055
Gronborg M, Kristiansen TZ, Iwahori A, et al. (2005) Biomarker discovery from pancreatic cancer secretome using a differential proteomics approach. Mol Cell Proteomics 5:157–171
Hamilton SR, Aalton L (2000) Pathology and genetics of tumours of the digestive system. IARC Press, Lyon
Hezel AF, Kimmelman AC, Stanger BZ, et al. (2006) Genetics and biology of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Genes Dev 20:1218–1249
Hruban RH, Adsay NV, Albores-Saavedra J, et al. (2001) Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia: a new nomenclature and classification system for pancreatic duct lesions. Am J Surg Pathol 25:579–586
Hruban RH, Takaori K, Klimstra DS, et al. (2004) An illustrated consensus on the classification of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol 28:977–987
Karhu R, Mahlamaki E, Kallioniemi A (2006) Pancreatic adenocarcinoma—genetic portrait from chromosomes to microarrays. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 45:721–730
Klimstra DS (2005) Cystic, mucin-producing neoplasms of the pancreas: the distinguishing features of mucinous cystic neoplasms and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. Semin Diagn Pathol 22:318–329
Koopmann J, Zhang Z, White N, et al. (2004) Serum diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma using surface-enhanced laser desorption and ionization mass spectrometry. Clin Cancer Res 10:860–868
Kuhlmann KF, de Castro SM, Wesseling JG, et al. (2004) Surgical treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma; actual survival and prognostic factors in 343 patients. Eur J Cancer 40:549–558
Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, et al. (2001) Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409:860–921
Lim JE, Chien MW, Earle CC (2003) Prognostic factors following curative resection for pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a population-based, linked database analysis of 396 patients. Ann Surg 237:74–85
Lüttges J, Vogel I, Menke M, et al. (1998) The retroperitoneal resection margin and vessel involvement are important factors determining survival after pancreaticoduodenectomy for ductal adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas. Virchows Arch 433:237–242
Lüttges J, Zamboni G, Klöppel G (1999) Recommendation for the examination of pancreaticoduodenectomy specimens removed from patients with carcinoma of the exocrine pancreas. A proposal for a standardized pathological staging of pancreaticoduodenectomy specimens including a checklist. Dig Surg 16:291–296
Lüttges J, Schemm S, Vogel I, et al. (2000) The grade of pancreatic ductal carcinoma is an independent prognostic factor and is superior to the immunohistochemical assessment of proliferation. J Pathol 191:154–161
Maitra A, Kern SE, Hruban RH (2006) Molecular pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 20:211–226
Millikan KW, Deziel DJ, Silverstein JC, et al. (1999) Prognostic factors associated with resectable adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas. Am Surg 65:618–623
Moon HJ, An JY, Heo JS, et al. (2006) Predicting survival after surgical resection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pancreas 32:37–43
Niedergethmann M, Rexin M, Hildenbrand R, et al. (2002) Prognostic implications of routine, immunohistochemical, and molecular staging in resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 26:1578–1587
Pieper R, Gatlin CL, Makusky AJ, et al. (2003) The human serum proteome: display of nearly 3700 chromatographically separated protein spots on two-dimensional electrophoresis gels and identification of 325 distinct proteins. Proteomics 3:1345–1364
Ridwelski K, Meyer F, Fahlke J, et al. (2001) Value of cytokeratin and Ca 19-9 antigen in immunohistological detection of disseminated tumour cells in lymph nodes in pancreas carcinoma. Chirurg 72:920–926
Röcken C, Ebert MP (2006) Pancreatic cancer proteome. Gastroenterology 130:1017–1018
Röcken C, Ebert MP, Roessner A (2004) Proteomics in pathology, research and practice. Pathol Res Pract 200:69–82
Rosty C, Christa L, Kuzdzal S, et al. (2002) Identification of hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas/pancreatitis-associated protein I as a biomarker for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by protein biochip technology. Cancer Res 62:1868–1875
Sato N, Goggins M (2006) The role of epigenetic alterations in pancreatic cancer. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 13:286–295
Shekouh AR, Thompson CC, Prime W, et al. (2003) Application of laser capture microdissection combined with two-dimensional electrophoresis for the discovery of differentially regulated proteins in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Proteomics 3:1988–2001
Sohn TA, Yeo CJ, Cameron JL, et al. (2000) Resected adenocarcinoma of the pancreas-616 patients: results, outcomes, and prognostic indicators. J Gastrointest Surg 4:567–579
Takai S, Satoi S, Toyokawa H, et al. (2003) Clinicopathologic evaluation after resection for ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: a retrospective, single-institution experience. Pancreas 26:243–249
Tseng JF, Raut CP, Lee JE, et al. (2004) Pancreaticoduodenectomy with vascular resection: margin status and survival duration. J Gastrointest Surg 8:935–949
Venter JC, Adams MD, Myers EW, et al. (2001) The sequence of the human genome. Science 291:1304–1351
Wenger FA, Peter F, Zieren J, et al. (2000) Prognosis factors in carcinoma of the head of the pancreas. Dig Surg 17:29–35
Wulfkuhle JD, Liotta LA, Petricoin EF (2003) Proteomic applications for the early detection of cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 3:267–275
Xia Q, Kong XT, Zhang GA, et al. (2005) Proteomics-based identification of DEAD-box protein 48 as a novel autoantigen, a prospective serum marker for pancreatic cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 330:526–532
Yeo CJ, Cameron JL, Lillemoe KD, et al. (2002) Pancreaticoduodenectomy with or without distal gastrectomy and extended retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for periampullary adenocarcinoma, part 2: randomized controlled trial evaluating survival, morbidity, and mortality. Ann Surg 236:355–366
Yu KH, Rustgi AK, Blair IA (2005a) Characterization of proteins in human pancreatic cancer serum using differential gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 4:1742–1751
Yu Y, Chen S, Wang LS, et al. (2005b) Prediction of pancreatic cancer by serum biomarkers using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization-based decision tree classification. Oncology 68:79–86
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Röcken, C., Ebert, M. (2008). Postoperative Staging of Pancreatic Cancer. In: Pancreatic Cancer. Recent Results in Cancer Research, vol 177. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71279-4_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71279-4_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-71266-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-71279-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)