Skip to main content
Book cover

Wildlife and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: The Biology, Circumstances and Consequences of Cross-Species Transmission pp 289–324Cite as

Ecological Havoc, the Rise of White-Tailed Deer, and the Emergence of Amblyomma americanum-Associated Zoonoses in the United States

  • Chapter

Part of the Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology book series (CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 315)

Two infectious diseases, and one presumably infectious disease, each vectored by or associated with the bite of the lone star tick ( Amblyomma americanum ), were identified and characterized by clinicians and scientists in the United States during the 1980s and 1990s. These three conditions—human monocytic (or monocytotropic) ehrlichiosis (HME), Ehrlichia ewingii ehrlichiosis, and southern tick-associated rash illness (STARI)—undoubtedly existed in the United States prior to this time. However, the near-simultaneous recognition of these diseases is remarkable and suggests the involvement of a unifying process that thrust multiple pathogens into the sphere of human recognition.

Keywords

  • Lyme Disease
  • Deer Population
  • Odocoileus Virginianus
  • Wild Turkey
  • Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis

These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_12
  • Chapter length: 36 pages
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
eBook
USD   219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • ISBN: 978-3-540-70962-6
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
Softcover Book
USD   279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Hardcover Book
USD   379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anderson BE, Dawson JE, Jones DC, Wilson KH (1991)Ehrlichia chaffeensis, a new species associated with human ehrlichiosis. J Clin Microbiol 29:2838–2842.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson BE, Greene CE, Jones DC, Dawson JE (1992a)Ehrlichia ewingii sp nov., the etiologic agent of canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Int J Syst Bacteriol 42:299–302.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson BE, Sumner JW, Dawson JE, Tzianabos T, Greene CR, Olson JG, Fishbein DB, Olsen-Rasmussen M, Holloway BP, George EH (1992b) Detection of the etiologic agent of human ehrlichiosis by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 30:775–780.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anziani OS, Ewing SA, Barker RW (1990) Experimental transmission of a granulocytic form of the tribe Ehrlichieae byDermacentor variabilis andAmblyomma americanum to dogs. Am J Vet Res 51:929–931.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arens MQ, Liddell AM, Buening G, Gaudreault-Keener M, Sumner JW, Comer JA, Buller RS, Storch GA (2003) Detection by PCR and serology ofEhrlichia spp. in the blood of wild white-tailed deer in Missouri. J Clin Microbiol 41:1263–1265.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong PM, Rich SM, Smith DR, Hartl DL, Spielman A, Telford SR (1996) A newBorrelia infecting lone star ticks. Lancet 347:67–68.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong PM, Brunet LR, Spielman A, Telford SR (2001) Risk of Lyme disease: perceptions of residents of a lone star-tick infested community. Bull World Health Organ 79:916–925.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Atwood EL, Lamb JT, Sonenshine DE (1965) A contribution to the epidemiology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the eastern United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 14:831–837.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bakken JS (1998) The discovery of human granulocytotropic ehrlichiosis. J Lab Clin Med 132:175–180.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Bakken JS, Dumler JS, Chen SM, Eckman MR, Van Etta LL, Walker DH (1994) Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in the upper Midwest United States. A new species emerging? J Am Med Assoc 272:212–218.

    CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Barbour AG, Maupin GO, Teltow GJ, Carter CJ, Piesman J (1996) Identification of an uncultivableBorrelia species in the hard tickAmblyomma americanum: possible agent of a Lyme disease-like illness. J Infect Dis 173:403–409.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumgartner DL (1988) Review of myiasis (Insecta: Diptera: Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae) of Nearctic wildlife. Wildl Rehab 7:3–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishopp FC, Trembley HL (1945) Distribution and hosts of certain North American ticks. J Parasitol 31:1–54.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Bloemer SR, Snoddy EL, Cooney JC, Fairbanks K (1986) Influence of deer exclusion on populations of lone star ticks and American dog ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 79:679–683.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bloemer SR, Zimmerman RH, Fairbanks K (1988) Abundance, attachement sites, and density estimators for lone star ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting white-tailed deer. J Med Entomol 25:295–230.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bloemer SR, Mount GA, Morris A, Zimmerman RH, Barnard DR, Snoddy EL (1990) Management of lone star ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in recreational areas with acaricide applications, vegetative management, and exclusion of white-tailed deer. J Med Entomol 27:543–550.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buller RS, Arens M, Hmiel SP, Paddock CD, Sumner JW, Rikihisa Y, Unver A, Gaudreault-Keener M, Manian FA, Liddell AM, Schmulewitz N, Storch GA (1999)Ehrlichia ewingii, a newly recognized agent of human ehrlichiosis. N Engl J Med 341:148–155.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Burgdorfer W, Hayes SF, Thomas LA (1981) A new spotted fever group rickettsia from the lone star tick Amblyomma americanum. In: Burgdorfer W, Anacker RL (eds) Rickettsiae and rickettsial diseases. Academic, New York, pp 595–602.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burkot TR, Mullen GR, Anderson R, Schneider BS, Happ CM, Zeidner NS (2001)Borrelia lonestari DNA in adultAmblyomma americanum ticks, Alabama. Emerging Infect Dis 7:471–473.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calhoun EL (1954) Natural occurrence of tularemia in the lone star tick and dogs in Arkansas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 3:360–366.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell BS, Bowles DE (1994) Human tick bite records in a United States Air Force population, 1989–1992: implications for tick-borne disease risk. J Wilderness Med 5:405–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2005) Summary of notifiable diseases—(2003) Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 52:1–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Childs JE, Paddock CD (2003) The ascendancy ofAmblyomma americanum as a vector of pathogens affecting humans in the United States. Ann Rev Entomol 48:307–337.

    CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Clark K (2004)Borrelia species in host seeking ticks and small mammals in northern Florida. J Clin Microbiol 42:576–586.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clymer BC, Howell DE, Hair JA (1970) Animal hosts of economically important ticks in east-central Oklahoma. Ann Entomol Soc Am 63:612–614.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins DL, Nardy RV, Glasgow RD (1949) Some host relationships of Long Island ticks. J Econ Entomol 42:110–112.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Comer JA, Nicholson WL, Paddock CD, Sumner JW, Childs JE (2000) Detection of antibodies reactive withEhrlichia chaffeensis in the raccoon. J Wildl Dis 36:705–712.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooley RA, Kohls GM (1944) The genusAmblyomma (Ixodidade) in the United States. J Parasitol 30:77–111.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Cronon W (1983) Changes in the land. Indians, colonists, and the ecology of New England. Hill and Wang, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson WR, Lockhart JM, Stallknecht DE, Howerth EA (1999) Susceptibility of red and gray foxes to infection by Ehrlichia chaffeensis. J Wildl Dis 35:696–702.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dasch GA, Kelly DJ, Richards AL, Sanchez JL, Rives CC (1993) Western blotting analysis of sera from military personnel exhibiting serological reactivity to spotted fever group rickettsiae. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49 [Suppl 3]:220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson JE, Anderson BE, Fishbein DB, Sanchez JL, Goldsmith CS, Wilson KH, Duntley CW (1991) Isolation and characterization of anEhrlichia sp. from a patient diagnosed with human ehrlichiosis. J Clin Microbiol 29:2741–2745.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Demma LJ, Holman RC, McQuiston JH, Krebs JW, Swerdlow DL (2005) Epidemiology of human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in the United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73:400–409.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donahue JG, Piesman J, Spielman A (1987) Reservoir competence of white-footed mice for Lyme disease spirochetes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 36:92–96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Downing RL (1987) Success story: white-tailed deer. In: Restoring America’s Wildlife. US Dept Interior Fish and Wildlife Service, US Govt Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp 45–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dugan VG, Little SE, Beall AD, Stallknecht DE (2000) Natural infection of domestic goats with Ehrlichia chaffeensis. J Clin Microbiol 38:448–449.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dugan VG, Yabsley MJ, Tate CM, Mead DG, Munderloh UG, Herron MJ, Stallknecht DE, Little SE, Davidson WR (2006) Evaluation of a prototypeAnaplasma phagocytophilum surveillance system using white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) as natural sentinels. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 6:197–207.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Ewing SA, Roberson WR, Buckner RG, Hyat CS (1971) A new strain of Ehrlichia canis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 159:1771–1774.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ewing SA, Dawson JE, Kocan AA, Barker RW, Warner CK, Panciera RJ, Fox JC, Kocan KM, Blouin EF (1995) Experimental transmission ofEhrlichia chaffeensis (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichieae) among white-tailed deer byAmblyomma americanum (Acari:Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 32:368–374.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Felz MW, Durden LA, Oliver JH (1996) Ticks parasitizing humans in Georgia and South Carolina. J Parasitol 82:505–508.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Felz MW, Chandler FW, Oliver JH, Rahn DW, Schreifer ME (1999) Solitary erythema migrans in Georgia and South Carolina. Arch Dermatol 135:955–960.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Fishbein DB (1990) Human ehrlichiosis in the United States. In: Williams JC, Kakoma I (eds) Ehrlichiosis. Kluwer, Amsterdam, pp 100–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishbein DB, Dawson JE, Robinson LE (1994) Human ehrlichiosis in the United States, 1985–1990. Ann Intern Med 120:736–743.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fitch A (1870) Fourteenth report on the noxious, beneficial and other insects of the state of New York. Trans N Y State Ag Soc 30:355–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner SL, Holman RC, Krebs JW, Berkelman R, Childs JE (2003) National surveillance for the human ehrlichioses in the United States, 1997–2001, and proposed methods for evaluation of data quality. Ann N Y Acad Sci 990:80–89.

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Geist V (1998) Deer of the world. Their evolution, behavior, and ecology. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginsberg HS, Zhioua E (1996) Nymphal survival and habitat distribution ofIxodes scapularis andAmblyomma americanum ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on Fire Island New York USA. Exp Appl Acarol 20:533–544.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Ginsberg HS, Ewing CP, O’Connell AF, Bosler EM, Daly JG, Sayre MW (1991) Increased population densities ofAmblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) on Long Island, New York. J Parasitol 77:493–495.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Ginsberg HS, Butler M, Zhioua E (2002) Effect of deer exclusion by fencing on abundance ofAmblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) on Fire Island New York, USA. J Vector Ecol 27:215–221.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goddard J (2002) A ten-year study of tick biting in Mississippi: implications for human disease transmission. J Agromed 8:25–32.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Goddard J, McHugh CP (1990) Impact of severe tick infestation at Little Rock AFB, Arkansas on Volant Scorpion military training. Military Med 155:277–280.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goddard J, Norment BR (1986) Spotted fever group rickettsiae in the lone star tickAmblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 23:465–472.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Good NE (1973) Ticks of eastern Long Island: notes on host relations and seasonal distribution. Ann Entomol Soc Am 66:240–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman RA, Hawkins EC, Olby NJ, Grindem CB, Hegarty B, Breitschwerdt EB (2003) Molecular identification ofEhrlichia ewingii in dogs: 15 cases (1997–2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 222:1102–1107.

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Groves MG, Dennis GL, Amyx HL, Huxsoll DL (1975) Transmission ofEhrlichia canis to dogs by ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). Am J Vet Res 36:937–940.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haddad FA, Schwartz I, Liveris D, Wormser GP (2005) A skin lesion in a patient from Kentucky. Clin Infect Dis 40:429 :475–476.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Hair JA, Howell DE (1970) Lone star ticks. Their biology and control in Ozark recreation areas. Oklahoma State University Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin B 679:1–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoch AL, Barker RW, Hair JA (1971) Measurement of physical parameters to determine suitability of modified woodlots as lone star tick habitat. J Med Entomol 8:725–730.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoogstral H (1981) Changing patterns of tickborne disease in modern society. Ann Rev Entomol 26:75–99.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Hooker WA, Bishopp FC, Wood HP (1912) Some North American ticks. US Bureau Entomol Bull 106:1–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopla CE (1955) The multiplication of tularemia organisms in the lone star tick. Am J Hyg 61:371–380.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hopla CE, Downs CM (1953) The isolation of Bacterium tularense from the tick Amblyomma americanum. J Kansas Entomol Soc 26:71–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • IJdo JW, Wu C, Magnarelli LA, Stafford KC, Anderson JF, Fikrig E (2000) Detection ofEhrlichia chaffeensis DNA inAmblyomma americanum ticks in Connecticut and Rhode Island. J Clin Microbiol 38:4655–4656.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iker S (1983) Swamped with deer. Natl Wildl 21:4–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • James AM, Liveris D, Wormser GP, Schwartz I, Montecalvo MA, Johnson BJ (2001)Borrelia lonestari infection after a bite by anAmblyomma americanum tick. J Infect Dis 183:1810–1814.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Keirans JE, Lacombe EH (1998) First records ofAmblyomma americanum Ixodes (Ixodes)dentatus, andIxodes (Ceratixodes)uriae (Acari: Ixodidae) from Maine. J Parasitol 84:629–631.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Kennamer JE, Kennamer M, Brenneman R (1992) History. In: Dickson JG (ed) The wild turkey: biology and management. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA, pp 6–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkland KB, Klimko TB, Meriwether RA, Schriefer M, Levin M, Levine J, MacKenzie WR, Dennis DT (1997) Erythema migrans-like rash illness at a camp in North Carolina: a new tick-borne disease? Arch Intern Med 157:2635–2641.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Kocan AA, Levesque GC, Whitworth LC, Murphy GL, Ewing SA, Barker RW (2000) Naturally occurringEhrlichia chaffeensis infection in coyotes from Oklahoma. Emerging Infect Dis 6:477–480.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Kokernot RH, Calisher CH, Stannard LJ, Hayes J (1969) Arbovirus studies in the Ohio-Mississippi Basin, 1964–67. Lone star virus, a hitherto unknown agent isolated from the tickAmblyomma americanum (Linn.). Am J Trop Med Hyg 18:789–795.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kollars TM, Oliver JH, Durden LA, Kollars PG (2000) Host associations and seasonal activity ofAmblyomma americanum in Misssouri. J Parasitol 86:1156–1159.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krafsur ES, Whitten CJ, Novy JE (1987) Screwworm eradication in North and Central America. Parasitol Today 3:131–137.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Lacombe E, Rand PW, Smith RP (1993) Disparity ofBorrelia burgdorferi infection rates of adultIxodes dammini on deer and vegetation. J Infect Dis 167:1236–1238.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leopold A, Sowls LK, Spencer DL (1947) A survey of over-populated deer ranges in the United States. J Wildl Mangement 11:162–177.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Liddell AM, Stockham SL, Scott MA, Sumner JW, Paddock CD, Gaudreault-Keener M, Arens MQ, Storch GA (2003) Predominance ofEhrlichia ewingii in Missouri dogs. J Clin Microbiol 41:4617–4622.

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Lockhart JM, Davidson WR, Dawson JE, Stallknecht DE (1995) Temporal association ofAmblyomma americanum with the presence ofEhrlichia chaffeensis-reactive antibodies in white-tailed deer. J Wildl Dis 31:119–124.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lockhart JM, Davidson WR, Stallknecht DE, Dawson JE (1996) Site-specific geographic association betweenAmblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) infestations andEhrlichia chaffeensis-reactive (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichieae) antibodies in white-tailed deer. J Med Entomol 33:153–158.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lockhart JM, Davidson WR, Stallknecht DE, Dawson JE, Howerth EW (1997a) Isolation ofEhlichia chaffeensis from wild white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) confirms their role as natural reservoir hosts. J Clin Microbiol 35:1681–1686.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lockhart JM, Davidson WR, Stallknecht DE, Dawson JE, Little SE (1997b) Natural history ofEhrlichia chaffeensis (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichieae) in the Piedmont physiographic province of Georgia. J Parasitol 83:887–894.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Loftis AD, Reeves WK, Spurlock JP, Mahan SM, Troughton DR, Dasch GA, Levin ML (2006) Infection of a goat with a tick-transmitted Ehrlichia from Georgia, U.S.A., that is closely related to Ehrlichia ruminantium. J Vector Ecol 31:213–223.

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Loken KI, Wu CC, Johnson RC, Bey RF (1985) Isolation of the Lyme disease spirochete from mammals in Minnesota. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 179:300–302.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Long SW, Zhang X, Zhang J, Ruble RP, Teel P, Yu XJ (2003) Evaluation of transovarial transmission and transmissibility ofEhrlichia chaffeensis (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) inAmblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 40:1000–1004.

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Long SW, Pound JM, Yu XJ (2004)Ehrlichia prevalence inAmblyomma americanum, central Texas. Emerging Infect Dis 10:1342–1343.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maeda K, Markowitz N, Hawley RC, Ristic M, Cox D, McDade JE (1987) Human infection withEhrlichia canis, a leukocytic rickettsia. N Engl J Med 316:853–856.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Machado RZ, Duarte JM, Dagnone AS, Szabo MP (2006) Detection ofEhrlichia chaffeensis in Brazilian marsh deer (Blatocercus dichotomus). Vet Parasitol 139:262–266.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall WF, Telford SR, Rys RN, Rutledge BJ, Mathiesen D, Malawista SE, Spielman A, Persing DH (1994) Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in museum specimens of Peromyscus leucopus. J Infect Dis 170:1027–1032.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masters EJ, Donnell HD, Fobbs M (1994) Missouri Lyme disease: 1989–1992. J Spirochetal Tick-Borne Dis 1:12–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masters EJ, Granter S, Duray P, Cordes P (1998) Physician-diagnosed erythema migrans and erythema migrans-like rashes following lone star tick bites. Arch Dermatol 134:955–960.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • McCabe RE, McCabe TR (1984) Of slings and arrows: an historical perspective. In: Halls LK (ed) White-tailed deer ecology and management. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA, pp 19–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCullough DR (1984) Lesson from the George Reserve Michigan. In: Halls LK (ed) White-tailed deer ecology and management. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA, pp 211–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald JS, Miller KV (1993) A history of white-tailed deer restocking in the United States 1878 to 1992. Research Publication 93–1, The Quality Deer Management Association, Watkinsville, GA.

    Google Scholar 

  • McQuiston JH, Paddock CD, Holman RC, Childs JE (1999) The human ehrlichioses in the United States. Emerging Infect Dis 5:635–642.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Means RG, White DJ (1997) New distribution records ofAmblyomma americanum (L) (Acari: Ixodidae) in New York State. J Vector Ecol 22:133–145.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merten HA, Durden LA (2000) A state-by-state survey of ticks recorded from humans in the United States. J Vector Ecol 25:102–113.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mixson TR, Ginsberg HS, Campbell SR, Sumner JW, Paddock CD (2004) Detection ofEhrlichia chaffeensis in adult and nymphalAmblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks from Long Island, New York. J Med Entomol 41:1104–1110.

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Mixson TR, Campbell SR, Gill JS, Ginsberg HS, Reichard MV, Schulze TL, Dasch GA (2006) Prevalence ofEhrlichia,Borrelia, and rickettsial agents inAmblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from nine states. J Med Entomol 43:1261–1268.

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Mock DE, Applegate RD, Fox LB (2001) Preliminary survey of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitizing wild turkeys (Aves: Phasianidae) in eastern Kansas. J Med Entomol 38:118–121.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Moore VA, Varela AS, Yabsley MJ, Davidson WR, Little SE (2003) Detection ofBorrelia lonestari, putative vector of southern tick-associated rash illness, in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from the southeatern United States. J Clin Microbiol 41:424–427.

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Mount GA, Haile DG, Barnard DR, Daniels E (1993) New version of LSTSIM for computer simulation ofAmblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) population dynamics. J Med Entomol 30:843–857.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moyer P (2005) Experimental animal inoculations withBorrelia lonestari, putative agent of southern tick-associated rash illness. MS thesis. University of Georgia, Athens, GA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moyer PL, Varela AS, Luttrell MP, Moore VA, Stallknecht DE, Little SE (2006) White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) develop spirochetemia following experimental infection with Borrelia lonestari. Vet Microbiol 115:229–236.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller-Anneling L, Gilchrist MJ, Thorne PS (2000)Ehrlichia chaffeensis antibodies in white-tailed deer Iowa, 1994 and 1996. Emerging Infect Dis 6:397–400.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Ndip LM, Ndip RN, Esemu SN, Dickmu VL, Fokam EB, Walker DH, McBride JE (2005) Ehrlichial infection in Cameroonian canines by Ehrlichia canis and Ehrlichia ewingii. Vet Parasitol 111:59–66.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olano JP, Masters E, Hogrefe W, Walker DH (2003) Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis Missouri. Emerging Infect Dis 9:1579–1586.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver JH, Stallknecht D, Chandler FH, James AM, McGuire BS, Howerth E (1992) Detection ofBorrelia burgdorferi in laboratory-rearedIxodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) fed on experimentally inoculated white-tailed deer. J Med Entomol 29:980–984.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver JH, Chandler FW, Luttrell MP, James AM, Stallknecht DE, McGuire BS, Hutcheson HJ, Cummins GA, Lane RS (1993) Isolation and transmission of the Lyme disease spirochete from the southeastern United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90:7371–7375.

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Paddock CD, Childs JE (2003)Ehrlichia chaffeensis: a prototypical emerging pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 16:37–64.

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Paddock CD, Folk SM, Shore GM, Machado LJ, Huycke MM, Slater LN, Liddell AM, Buller RS, Storch GA, Monson TP, Rimland D, Sumner JW, Singleton J, Bloch KC, Tang Y, Standaert SM, Childs JE (2001) Infections withEhrlichia chaffeensis andEhrlichia ewingii in persons coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 33:1586–1594.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Paddock CD, Liddell AM, Storch GA (2005) Other causes of tick-borne ehrlichioses, including Ehrlichia ewingii. In: Goodman JL, Dennis DT, Sonenshine DE (eds) Tick-borne diseases of humans. ASM Press, Washington, DC, pp 258–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker RR, Kohls GM (1943) American Q fever: the occurrence ofRickettsia diaporica inAmblyomma americanum in eastern Texas. Publ Health Rep 58:1510–1511.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patrick CD, Hair JA (1978) White-tailed deer utilization of different habitats and its influence on lone star tick populations. J Parasitol 64:1100–1106.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Persing DH, Telford SR, Rys PN, Dodge DE, White TJ, Malawista SE, Spielman A (1990) Detection ofBorrelia burgdorferi DNA in museum specimens ofIxodes dammini ticks. Science 249:1420–1423.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Philip CB, White JS (1955) Disease agents recovered incidental to a tick survey of the Mississippi Gulf Coast. J Econ Entomol 48:396–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piesman J, Spielman A (1982)Babesia microti: infectivity of parasites from ticks for hamsters and white-footed mice. Exp Parasitol 53:242–248.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Piesman J, Spielman A, Etkind P, Ruebush TK, Juranek DD (1979) Role of deer in the epizootiology ofBabesia microti in Massachusetts USA. J Med Entomol 15:537–540.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roland WE, Everett ED, Cyr TL, Hasan SZ, Dommaraju CB, McDonald GA (1998)Ehrlichia chaffeensis in Missouri ticks. Am J Trop Med Hyg 59:641–643.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rue LR (1978) The deer of North America. Crown Publishers, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Satalowich FT (1997) Tick-borne disease summary: 1996. Missouri Epidemiol 10–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulze TL, Bowen GS, Bosler EM, Lakat MF, Parkin WE, Altman R, Ormiston BG, Shisler JK (1984)Amblyomma americanum: a potential vector of Lyme disease in New Jersey. Science 224:601–603.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Schulze TL, Jordan RA, Schultze CJ, Mixson T, Papero M (2005) Relative encounter frequencies and prevalence of selectedBorrelia Ehrlichia, andAnaplasma infections inAmblyomma americanum andIxodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks from central New Jersey. J Med Entomol 42:450–456.

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Schulze TL, Jordan RA, Healy SP, Roegner VE, Meddis M, Jahn MB, Guthrie DL (2006) Relative abundance and prevalence of selectedBorrelia infections inIxodes scapularis andAmblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) from publicly owned lands in Monmouth County, New Jersey. J Med Entomol 43: 1269–1275.

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Scrimenti RJ (1970) Erythema chronicum migrans. Arch Dermatol 102:104–105.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Severinghaus CW, Brown CP (1956) History of the white-tailed deer in New York. N Y Fish Game J 3:129–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sirigireddy KR, Mock DC, Ganta RR (2006) Multiplex detection of Ehrlichia and Anaplasma pathogens in vertebrate and tick hosts by real-time RT-PCR. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1078: 552–556.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Spielman A (1994) The emergence of Lyme disease and human babesiosis in a changing environment. Ann N Y Acad Sci 740:146–156.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Spielman A, Telford SR, Pollack RJ (1993) The origins and course of the present outbreak of Lyme disease. In: Ginsberg HS (ed) Ecology and environmental management of Lyme disease. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ, pp 83–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steere AC, Broderick TF, Malawista SE (1978) Erythema chronicum migrans and Lyme arthritis: epidemiologic evidence for a tick vector. Am J Epidemiol 108:312–321.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steiert JG, Gilfoy F (2002) Infection rates ofAmblyomma americanum andDermacentor variabilis byEhrlichia chaffeensis andEhrlichia ewingii in southwest Missouri. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2:53–60.

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Stromdahl EY, Williamson PC, Kollars TM, Evans SR, Barry RK, Vince MA, Dobbs NA (2003) Evidence ofBorrelia lonestari DNA inAmblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) removed from humans. J Clin Microbiol 41:5557–5562.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Sumner JW, McKechnie D, Janowski D, Paddock CD (2000) Detection of Ehrlichia ewingii in field-collected ticks by using PCR amplification of 16S rRNA gene and groESL operon sequences. 15th Meeting of the American Society for Rickettsiology. Captiva Island, FL Abstract 72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taft SC, Miller MK, Wright SM (2005) Distribution of borreliae among ticks collected from eastern states. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis 5:383–389.

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Tate CM, Mead DG, Luttrell MP, Howerth EW, Dugan VG, Munderloh UG, Davidson WR (2005) Experiemental infection of white-tailed deer withAnaplasma phagocytophilum, the etiologic agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. J Clin Microbiol 43:3595–3601.

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Telford SR, Mather TN, Moore SI, Wilson ML, Spielman A (1988) Incompetence of deer as reservoirs of the Lyme disease spirochete. Am J Trop Med Hyg 39:105–109.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Telford SR, Dawson JE, Katavolos P, Warner CK, Kolbert CP, Persing DH (1996) Perpetuation of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in a deer tick-rodent cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:6209–6214.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson BF (1977) The changing face of New England. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson C, Spielman A, Krause PJ (2001) Coinfecting deer-associated zoonoses: Lyme disease, babesiosis, and ehrlichiosis. Clin Infect Dis 33:676–685.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Varela AS, Luttrell MP, Howerth EW, Moore VA, Davidson WR, Stallknecht DE, Little SE (2004a) First culture isolation ofBorrelia lonestari, putative agent of southern tick-associated rash illness. J Clin Microbiol 42:1163–1169.

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Varela AS, Moore VA, Little SE (2004b) Disease agents inAmblyomma americanum from northeastern Georgia. J Med Entomol 41:753–759.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Varela AS, Stallknecht DE, Yabsley MJ, Moore VA, Howerth EW, Davidson WR, Little SE (2005) Primary and secondary infection withEhrlichia chaffeensis in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 5:48–57.

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Varela-Stokes AS, Stokes JV, Davidson WR, Little SE (2006) Co-infection of white-tailed deer with multiple strains of Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 6:140–151.

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Vessel MF, Wong HH (1987) Natural history of vacant lots. University of California Press, Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahlenberg WG (1946) Longleaf pine, its use, ecology, regeneration, protection, growth and management. Charles Lathrop Pack Forestry Foundation, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Western KA, Benson GD, Gleason NN, Healy GR, Schultz MG (1970) Babesiosis in a Massachusetts resident. N Engl J Med 283:854–856.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Whitaker JO, Hamilton WJ (1998) Mammals of the eastern United States, 3rd edn. Cornell University Press, Ithaca NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitlock JE, Fang QQ, Durden LA, Oliver JH (2000) Prevalence ofEhrlichia chaffeensis (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) inAmblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) from the Georgia coast and barrier islands. J Med Entomol 37:276–280.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson ML, Alder GH, Spielman A (1985) Correlation between abundance of deer and that of the deer tickIxodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 78:172–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf L, McPherson T, Harrison B, Engber B, Anderson A, Whitt P (2000) Prevalence ofEhrlichia ewingii inAmblyomma americanum in North Carolina. J Clin Microbiol 38:2795.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wormser GP, Masters E, Liveris D, Nowakowski J, Nadelman RB, Holmgren D, Bittker S, Cooper D, Wang G, Schwartz I (2005) Microbiologic evaluation of patients from Missouri with erythema migrans. Clin Infect Dis 40:423–428.

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Yabsley MJ, Varela AS, Tate CM, Dugan VG, Stallknecht DE, Little SE, Davidson WR (2002)Ehrlichia ewingii infection in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Emerging Infect Dis 8:668–671.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yabsley MJ, Dugan VG, Stallknecht DE, Little SE, Lockhart JM, Dawson JE, Davidson WR (2003a) Evaluation of a prototypeEhrlichia chaffeensis surveillance system using white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) as natural sentinels. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 3:195–207.

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Yabsley MJ, Little SE, Sims EJ, Dugan VJ, Stallknecht DE, Davidson WR (2003b) Molecular variation in the variable-length PCR target and 120-kDa antigen genes ofEhrlichia chaffeensis from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). J Clin Microbiol 41:5202–5206.

    CAS  PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Yabsley MJ, Norton TM, Powell MR, Davidson WR (2004) Molecular and serologic evidence of tick-borne ehrlichiae in three species of lemurs from St. Catherines Island, Georgia USA. J Zoo Wildl Med 35:503–509.

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Yabsley MJ, Wimberly MC, Stallknecht DE, Little SE, Davidson WR (2005) Spatial analysis of the distribution ofEhrlichia chaffeensis, causative agent of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis, across a multi-state region. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72:840–850.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA

    C. D. Paddock

  2. Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA

    M. J. Yabsley

Authors
  1. C. D. Paddock
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. J. Yabsley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health and Center for Eco-Epidemiolog, Yale University School of Medicine, 60 College St, 208034, 06520-8034, New Haven, CT, USA

    Senior Research Scientist James E. Childs

  2. Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Curtin University of Technology, U1987, 6845, Perth, WA, Australia

    Professor John S. Mackenzie

  3. Virus and Prion Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center USDA, 2300 Dayton Ave Ames, 50010, IA, USA

    Veterinary Medical Officer Jürgen A. Richt

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Paddock, C.D., Yabsley, M.J. (2007). Ecological Havoc, the Rise of White-Tailed Deer, and the Emergence of Amblyomma americanum-Associated Zoonoses in the United States. In: Childs, J.E., Mackenzie, J.S., Richt, J.A. (eds) Wildlife and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: The Biology, Circumstances and Consequences of Cross-Species Transmission. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 315. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_12

Download citation