Abstract
Hardly any area of research has created such wide publicity and controversy as Artificial Intelligence (AI). To illustrate, the abbreviation AI is one of the few scientific buzzwords accepted in contemporary English language. Artificial intelligence has successfully penetrated Hollywood and even grabbed the attention of star director Steven Spielberg. His blockbuster movie AI spread the artistic vision of the concept to millions.
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Notes
- 1.
the state of AI before the appearance of computational intelligence.
- 2.
A. Barr and E. Feigenbaum, The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, 1981.
- 3.
Details of most of the described applications are given in: E. Feigenbaum, P. McCorduck, and H. Nii, The Rise of the Expert Company, Vintage Books, 1989.
- 4.
N. Rychtyckyj, Intelligent Manufacturing Applications at Ford Motor Company, Proceedings of NAFIPS 2005, Ann Arbor, MI, 2005.
- 5.
E. Feigenbaum, P. McCorduck, and H. Nii, The Rise of the Expert Company, Vintage Books, 1989.
- 6.
In a hierarchy every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence.
- 7.
From the document: http://www.computelligence.org/download/citutorial.pdf
- 8.
In the case of symbolic reasoning the inference is based on symbols, which represent different types of knowledge, such as facts, concepts, and rules.
- 9.
J. Liebowitz, If you are a dog lover, build expert systems; if you are a cat lover, build neural networks, Expert Systems with Applications, 21, pp. 63, 2001.
Suggested Reading
This book presents an interesting discussion of the practical interpretation of intelligence from the founder of Palm Computing:
J. Hawkins, On Intelligence, Owl Books, NY, 2005.
An enthusiastic book about the key artificial intelligence applications in the 1980s:
E. Feigenbaum, P. McCorduck, and H. Nii, The Rise of the Expert Company, Vintage Books, 1989.
A book with hot philosophical discussions about the nature of artificial intelligence:
S. Franchi and G. Güzeldere, Mechanical Bodies, Computational Minds: Artificial Intelligence from Automata to Cyborgs, MIT Press, 2005.
The official AI Bible:
A. Barr and E. Feigenbaum, The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, 1981.
These are the author's favorite books on the state of the art of AI:
G. Luger, Artificial Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving, 6th edition, Addison-Wesley, 2008.
S. Russell and P. Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: a Modern Approach, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, 2003.
The details for the example with the AI system at the Ford Motor Company:
N. Rychtyckyj, Intelligent Manufacturing Applications at Ford Motor CompanyFord Motor Company, published at NAFIPS 2005, Ann Arbor, MI, 2005.
A recent survey of the state of the art of expert system methodologies and applications:
S. Liao, Expert Systems Methodologies and Applications – a decade review from 1995 to 2004, Expert Systems with Applications, 28, pp. 93–103, 2005.
The famous editorial with the Ultimate Difference between AI and computational intelligence:
J. Liebowitz, If you are a dog lover, build expert systems; if you are a cat lover, build neural network, Expert Systems with Applications, 21, p. 63, 2001
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Kordon, A.K. (2010). Artificial vs. Computational Intelligence. In: Applying Computational Intelligence. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69913-2_1
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