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Silencers

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Handbook of Engineering Acoustics

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Abstract

Large size silencers are attached to the intake and exhaust of large industrial plants, e.g. forced ventilation systems for mining industry, intake of cooling towers (Fig. 11.1) or flue gas stacks of power plants to protect the neighbourhood from plant noise. Large silencers are also required for ventilation openings of rooms with high internal sound pressure levels, e.g. industrial production halls or subway ventilation ducts.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Constructional elements in such ducts or openings mainly employed for guiding or filtering the gas flow are also designed to act as silencers.

  2. 2.

    A branch that is not small compared to the wavelength can be treated as an expansion of the pipe as long as the total diameter is less than half a wavelength.

  3. 3.

    Tangential flow past the perforated plate in front of a side branch results in a fraction of the dynamic flow resistance which adds to the damping. This effect is more important than the variation of propagation velocity of sound waves.

  4. 4.

    The results are calculated for the fundamental mode in a sound field with rotational symmetry. Anti-symmetric sound fields may be less attenuated by lower flow resistivity of the material.

  5. 5.

    Numerous calculated data for absorbent splitters without cover material are given in [16].

  6. 6.

    For steam \( R = 461{\text{Nm/kg}}{\text{K}} \); for air \( R = 287{\text{Nm/kg}}{\text{K}} \).

  7. 7.

    According to measurements by Kurze/Donner [25], the value is 0.02 for perforated plate. According to VDI 2081 [25], the average value is 0.016 for HVAC equipment, but the exponent in Eq. (11.63) is about 2.9.

  8. 8.

    Based on former experience reported in VDI 2081 (1983), Kurze/Donner [26] propose the value \( \zeta_{1} = 1.2 \). Recent experimental data for the range \( 0.3 < h/(d + h) < 0.6 \) for 100–300 mm thick baffles for HVAC equipment reported in VDI 2081 (2001) are in the range from \( {\zeta_1} = { 1} - {1}.{2} \).

  9. 9.

    Flow noise is occasionally reported in the literature for smooth pipes as a function of flow velocity and cross-sectional area. However, there are no measured data or physical evidence for the boundary layer as a substantial noise source.

  10. 10.

    Consistent with the flow noise from air outlets described in VDI 2081 [25].

  11. 11.

    The frequency characteristic of flow noise in straight air conduits is described in VDI 2081 by the asymptotic value −26 lg \( f \) instead of −20 lg \( f \). Stüber [27] proposes roughly −12 lg \( f \).

  12. 12.

    In VDI 2081 [25], the noise in straight air conduits is described by \( {L_{{WA}}} = \left( { - 25 + 70\lg v + 10\lg S} \right){\text{dB}} \). In the range from 1 to 22 m/s, the difference to Eq. (11.67) is less than 2 dB. Thus, it is likely that similar sources of sound are described.

  13. 13.

    Silencers are commonly designed to provide a level of flow noise way below the level of total plant noise. Therefore, just a few field data are available. Eqs. (11.65)–(11.67) refer to laboratory data.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. BBM Akustik Technologie, Robert-Koch-Strasse 11, 82152, Planegg, Germany

    E. Riedel

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  1. U. Kurze
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Correspondence to E. Riedel .

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  1. , Lehrstuhl für Baumechanik, Technische Universität München, Arcisstraße 21, München, 80333, Germany

    Gerhard Müller

  2. , Institut für Technische Akustik, Technische Universität Berlin, Einsteinufer 25, Berlin, 10587, Germany

    Michael Möser

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Kurze, U., Riedel, E. (2013). Silencers. In: Müller, G., Möser, M. (eds) Handbook of Engineering Acoustics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69460-1_11

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69460-1_11

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