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Emerging Acne Treatments

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Pathogenesis and Treatment of Acne and Rosacea

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Abstract

Clearly retinoids are effective acne treatments whether they are first-generation retinoids such as retinoic acid, second generation such as etretinate, or third generation such as adapalene and tazarotene. Nevertheless, these molecules exert their effects through nuclear receptors. Nuclear hormone receptors, e.g., the alpha, beta, and gamma isoforms of the retinoid X (RXR) and retinoic acid receptors (RAR) or the peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) exert their effects directly on genes by binding to DNA [1, 2]. The pleiotropic effects of retinoids in particular are due to the existence of multiple RA receptor isoforms and as a result of the different combinations of RAR–RXR heterodimers [3]. RARs and RXRs mainly act as heterodimers on binding to the retinoic acid response element (RARE). The RAR’s can be activated by binding all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) or 9cisRA, however, RXRs can only be activated by 9-cis retinoic acid (9cisRA).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. AVR Consulting Ltd, Northwich, Cheshire, UK

    Anthony V. Rawlings

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  1. Anthony V. Rawlings
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Correspondence to Anthony V. Rawlings .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology, and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany

    Christos C. Zouboulis

  2. Department of Dermatology, Andreas Syngros Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Andreas D. Katsambas

  3. Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Albert M. Kligman

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© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Rawlings, A.V. (2014). Emerging Acne Treatments. In: Zouboulis, C., Katsambas, A., Kligman, A. (eds) Pathogenesis and Treatment of Acne and Rosacea. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69375-8_59

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69375-8_59

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-69374-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-69375-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

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