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Nicotine Psychopharmacology pp 29–60Cite as

Nicotine Chemistry, Metabolism, Kinetics and Biomarkers

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Part of the Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology book series (HEP,volume 192)

Abstract

Nicotine underlies tobacco addiction, influences tobacco use patterns, and is used as a pharmacological aid to smoking cessation. The absorption, distribution and disposition characteristics of nicotine from tobacco and medicinal products are reviewed. Nicotine is metabolized primarily by the liver enzymes CYP2A6, UDPglucuronosyltransfease (UGT), and flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO). In addition to genetic factors, nicotine metabolism is influenced by diet and meals, age, sex, use of estrogen-containing hormone preparations, pregnancy and kidney disease, other medications, and smoking itself. Substantial racial/ethnic differences are observed in nicotine metabolism, which are likely influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The most widely used biomarker of nicotine intake is cotinine, which may be measured in blood, urine, saliva, hair, or nails. The current optimal plasma cotinine cut-point to distinguish smokers from non-smokers in the general US population is 3 ng ml−1. This cut-point is much lower than that established 20 years ago, reflecting less secondhand smoke exposure due to clear air policies and more light or occasional smoking.

Keywords

  • Nicotine Replacement Therapy
  • Grapefruit Juice
  • Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure
  • Nicotine Concentration
  • Nicotine Intake

These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of California, P. O. Box 1220, San Francisco, CA, 94143-1220, USA

    Neal L. Benowitz

  2. Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical Service, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Janne Hukkanen & Peyton Jacob III

  3. The Departments of Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Janne Hukkanen & Peyton Jacob III

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  1. Neal L. Benowitz
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  2. Janne Hukkanen
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  3. Peyton Jacob III
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Pinney Associates, 3 Bethesda Metro Center, Bethesda, MD, 20814-3472, USA

    Jack E. Henningfield

  2. UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90024-1759, USA

    Edythe D. London

  3. Center for Brain Research, Bornova, Ege University, Izmir, 35100, Turkey

    Sakire Pogun

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Benowitz, N.L., Hukkanen, J., Jacob, P. (2009). Nicotine Chemistry, Metabolism, Kinetics and Biomarkers. In: Henningfield, J.E., London, E.D., Pogun, S. (eds) Nicotine Psychopharmacology. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 192. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69248-5_2

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