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Optic Nerve

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The Glaucomas

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Abstract

Since the first images of the fundus were obtained with an ophthalmoscope, created by Helmholtz [1] in 1950, examination methods have continued to improve. First, examination with direct ophthalmoscopy was used, followed by examination with binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy, optic disc drawings, optic disc stereophotographs, planimetry, Takamoto and Schwartz’s stereophotogrammetry, neuroretinal rim measurements, Airaksinen and Tuulonen’s evaluation of the retinal nerve fiber layer, optic disc pallor measurements, angiofluoresceinography of the optic disc, image analyzer (Rodenstock Optic Nerve Head Analyzer, Topcon Analyzer), laser scanning ophthalmoscope, and Lotmar and Goldmann’s stereochronoscopy. All these methods are extensively explained in the useful book The Optic Nerve in Glaucoma, by Varma and Spaeth [2].

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(2009). Optic Nerve. In: The Glaucomas. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69146-4_17

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69146-4_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

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  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-69146-4

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