Today, the most important piezoelectric materials that are technologically important are ferroelectric ceramics based on Pb-containing perovskites. They offer the advantages of most ceramic materials such as ease of fabrication, possibility of variable and application-adapted shaping, as well as low-cost manufacturing. In addition, diverse chemical modifications are available in order to tailor the piezoelectric properties to different applications. The precondition, however, is the possibility to impose a unipolar anisotropy into the otherwise macroscopically isotropic ceramic. This is possible only if the spontaneous polarization can be oriented by a poling process using an external electric field for generating a remanent polarization. In addition, the special behaviour in the vicinity of ferroelectric phase transitions promotes extremely high piezoelectric effects, where the intrinsic ones are connected with the dielectric anisotropy and the extrinsic ones with increased domain wall mobility. Especially, in the periphery of the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) present in a series of Pb-containing perovskites, such as lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT), this effect technically can be used extensively because the MPB in the temperature-composition phase diagram is nearly vertical, what implies nearly temperature independence.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Y. Xu, Ferroelectric Materials and Their Applications (North Holland, New York, 1991)
I.S. Jeludev, Ferroelectricity and Symmetry, Solid State Physics, vol. 26 (Academic Press, New York, 1971)
A.J. Moulsen, J.M. Herbert, Materials, Properties, Applications (Chapman & Hall, London, 1996 reprinted)
G. Arlt, Bol. Soc. Esp. Ceram. Vidrio. 34(5/6), 267–271 (1995)
N. Uchida, T. Ikeda, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 6(9), 1079–1088 (1967)
L.E. Cross, In Ferroelectric Ceramics (Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 1993)
L.E. Cross, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 34, 2525–2532 (1995)
B. Jaffe, W.R. Cook, H. Jaffe, Piezoelectric Ceramics (Academic Press, London, 1971)
T. Ikeda, Fundamentals of Piezoelectricity. (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1990)
Don Berlincourt, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 91(5), 3034–3040 (1992)
V.A. Isupov, Y.u.E. Stolypin, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 28(Suppl.), 312 (1970)
V.A. Isupov, Ferroelectrics 46, 217–225 (1983)
G.M. Konstantinov, M.F. Kupriyanov, V.A. Serduli, A.A. Lebedinskij, S.S. Zaycev, E.G. Fesenko, J. Tech. Phys. 59(7), 80–84
M. Kupriyanov, G. Konstantinov, A. Panich, Ferroelectrics 127, 77–82 (1992)
E.G. Fesenko, A.Y.A. Dantsiger, L.A. Reznitchenko, M.F. Kupriyanov, Ferroelectrics 41, 137–142 (1982)
E.G. Fesenko, A.Y.A. Dantsiger, O.N. Razumovskaya, New piezoceramic materials, in Russian: Novye p’ezoelektricheskie materialy. Univ. Rostov on Don 1983
U. Lange, Internal Report Fraunhofer ISC, 07/2000 (2000)
M.J. Hoffmann, H. Kungl, Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 8, 52–17 (2004)
C.A. Randall, N. Kim, J.P. Kucera, W. Cao, T.R. Shrout, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 81(5), 677–688 (1998)
G. Arlt, Ferroelectrics 104, 217–227 (1990)
G. Helke, S. Seifert, S.J. Cho, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 19, 1265–1268 (1999)
J.T.H. Reszat, Dissertation, (University of Karlsruhe, Germany, 2003)
G. Helke, A. Schönecker, P. Obenaus, U. Keitel, L. Seffner, T. Scholehwar, U. Lange, Paper ISAF (2000)
H. Jaffe, Proc. IEEE. 5310, 1372–1386 (1965)
D.A. Berlincourt, D.R. Curran, H. Jaffe, In Physical Acoustics, vol. IA, ed. by W.P. Mason, (Academic Press, New York, 1964)
ANSI/IEEE Std 176-1987 IEEE Standard on Piezoelectricity — Description
G. Helke, Proc. EPCC 83, Liberec, CSSR
Y.A. Kvapulinskii, Z. Surovjak, M.F. Kupriyanov, S.M. Zayzev, A.Y.A. Dantsiger, E.G. Fesenko, J. Techn. Fizikoj 49, 1049–1052 (1979)
V.A. Isupov, Solid State Phys. 22, 172–177 (1980)
M. Fukuhara, A.S. Bhalla, R.E. Newnham, Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 122, 677–682 (1990)
H. Kungl, Dissertation, (University Karlsruhe, Germany, 2005
M.J. Hoffmann, H. Kungl, J.T.H. Reszat, S. Wagner, In Polar Oxides-Properties, Characterization, and Imaging (Wiley, Weinheim, 2005)
G. Helke, Teil I/II. Keram. Z 54(11), 936–942/12, 1034–1036 (2000)
European Standard EN 50324-2. Piezoelectric properties of ceramic materials and components. Part 2: Methods of measurement and properties-Low power
H. Thomann, W. Wersing, Ferroelectrics 40, 189–202 (1982)
W. Wersing, Proc.4th Intern. Meeting Electro- and Magnetoceramics, 162–182 1981
H. Banno, T. Tsunooka, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 6(8), 954–962 (1967)
IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms Associated with Ferroelectric and Related Materials. IEEE (Draft). Trans. on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Freq. Control (UFFC), 50(12), (December 2003)
F. Kulcsar, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 42(1), 49–51 (1959)
R.B. Atkin, R.L. Holman, R.M. Fulrath, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 54(2), 113–115 (1971)
S. Takahashi, Ferroelectrics 41, 143–156 (1982)
G. Helke, (Review, unpublished). DKG-Jahrestagung, (Annual Meeting) 08.-10.10.2001, Bayreuth
W. Rossner, K. Lubitz, G. Tomandl, Silicates Industriels 3–4, 31–34 (1985)
T.B. Weston, A.H. Webster, V.M. McNamara, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 52(5), 252–257 (1969)
A.V. Gorish, Physics of Ferroelectric Ceramics (Gordon & Breach, Moscow, 1999)
S. Takahashi, Ferroelectrics 27, 109–112 (1980)
R.B. Atkin, R.M. Fulrath, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 54(5), 265–270 (1971)
W.R. Cook, H. Jaffe, Crystal and Solid State Physics, vol. 11 (Springer, New York, 1979)
DE 102 29 086 A1 Pb(Al0.5 Nb0.5)O3-PbTiO3-PbZrO3
H. Thomann, Ferroelectrics 4, 141–146 (1972)
N. Uchida, T. Ikeda, J. Appl. Phys. 6(11), 1292–1299 (1967)
E.G. Fesenko, Perovskite Family and Ferroelectricity (Atomizdat, Moscow, 1972)
V.M. Goldschmidt, Geochem. Vert. Elem. VII–VIII Norsk. Vid. Akad., Math.-Naturvid. Kl., 3, 1–17 (1923)
F.S. Galasso, Structure, Properties and Preparation of Perovskite-Type Compounds (Pergamon Press, Oxford, (1969))
T. Tanaka, Ferroelectrics 40, 167–187 (1982)
G.A. Smolenskii, V.A. Isupov, A.I. Agranovskaya, N.N. Krainik, Sov. Phys.-Solid State 2, 2651 (1961)
H. Ouchi, M. Nishida, S. Hayakawa, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 49(11), 577–582 (1966)
DAS 1 646 690 Verbesserte piezoelektrische Keramik und Verfahren ihrer Herstellung. Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3-PbZrO3
H. Ouchi, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 49(3), 169–176 (1968)
DAS 1 646 817 Piezoelektrischer Keramikwerkstoff Pb(Li1/4Nb3/4)O3-PbTiO3-PbZrO3
M. Nishida, S. Kawashima, I. Ueda, H. Ouchi, S. Hayakawa, Piezoelectric Properties of Pb((Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3-PbZrO3 Ceramics Modified with MnO2 and Al2O3. Proc. 1st Meeting on Ferroelectric Materials and Their Applications F-13, 333–338. Kyoto (May 1996)
G.E. Savenkova, O.S. Didkovskaya, V.V. Klimov, Y.U.I. Venevtsev, J. N. Neorg. Mat. 7(6), 996–1000 (1971)
Brit. Patent 1 401 389 Piezoceramic Materials. [56]
H. Ouchi, K. Nagano, S. Hayakawa, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 48(12), 630–635 (1965)
Pat. US 4,313,839 Piezoceramic Material
Pat. US 3,890,241 Piezoelectric Ceramic compositions Pb[(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 — (Sn1/3Nb2/3)O3 — PbTiO3 — PbZrO3 + 0.05 to 5 weight % MnO2
W. Wersing, Piezoelectric Materials in Devices, ed. by N. Setter (EPFL Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne 2002), pp. 29–66
A.I. Kingon, J.B. Clark, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 66, 253–256 (1983)
M. Hammer, M.J. Hoffmann, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 81, 3277–3284 (1998)
W. Rossner, PhD Thesis, Erlangen, 1985
E. Brzozowski, Private Communication
R.B. Atkin, M. Fulrath, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 54, 265–270 (1971)
W. Heywang, H. Thomann, Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci. 27–47 (1984)
D. Hennings, H. Pomplun, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 57, 527–530 (1974)
C.L. Huang, B.H. Chen, L. Wu, Solid State Commun. 130, 19–23 (2004)
K.H. Haerdtl, H. Rau, Solid State Commun. 7, 41–45 (1969)
G.H. Haertling, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 82, 797–818 (1999)
S. Kim, G.F. Lee, T.R. Shrout, S. Venkataramani, J. Mater. Sci. 26, 4411–4415 (1991)
M. Kulig, G. Preu, D. Cramer, K. Lubitz, Ceramics Charting the Future (P. Vincenzini, Techna, Firenze 1995), pp. 2493–2498
H. Hellebrand, Material Science and Technology, ed. by R.W. Cahn, P. Haasen, E.J. Kramer (VCH Weinheim, New York, 1996), pp. 191–265
S. Takahashi, A. Ochi, M. Yonezawa, T. Yano, Ferroelectrics 50, 181–190 (1983)
K. Lubitz, Piezoelectric Materials in Devices, ed. by N. Setter, (EPFL Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, 2002), pp. 183–194
G. Helke, Piezoelectricity of Ferroelectric Ceramics. Adaptronic Congress 23–24 (April 2002)
M. Laurent, PhD Thesis, (Karlsruhe, 2002)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Helke, G., Lubitz, K. (2008). Piezoelectric PZT Ceramics. In: Piezoelectricity. Springer Series in Materials Science, vol 114. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68683-5_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68683-5_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-68680-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-68683-5
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)