Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Concentration and Extraction of PAHs from Environmental Samples

  • Chapter
PAHs and Related Compounds

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC3,volume 3 / 3I))

Abstract

An account is given of procedures used for the extraction and concentration of PAHs from environmental samples and includes comments on Soxhlet, ultrasonic, microwave assisted, supercritical fluid, accelerated solvent, and solid phase extraction procedures. Attention is directed to the advantages and disadvantages of these and details of their application to a wide variety of environmental samples are given. Experimental procedures are provided for matrices including dust, water, soil, sediment, fat, fish, and liquor, and include details of sample sizes, expected recoveries, and critical comments on potential problem areas.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Andrews T (1869) On the continuity of gaseous and liquid states of matter. Philos Trans Roy Soc 588–590

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ashraf-Khorassani M, Combs MT, Taylor LT (1995) Effect of moisture on supercritical fluid extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phenols from soil using an automated extractor. J High Resolut Chromatogr 18: 709–12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Barnabas IJ, Dean JR, Fowlis IA, Owen SP (1995) Extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from highly contaminated soils using microwave energy. Analyst 120: 1897–904

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Barnabas IJ, Dean JR, Tomlinson WR, Owen SP (1995) Experimental Design Approach for the Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Soil Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Anal Chem 67: 2064–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Barnabas IJ, Dean JR, Owen SP (1994) Supercritical fluid extraction of analytes from environmental samples. Analyst 119: 2381

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Blankehorn I, Meijer D, van Delft RJ (1992) Inter-laboratory comparison of mathods used for analyzing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil samples. Fresenius J Anal Chem 343: 497

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Bodzek D, Janoszka B (1995) Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in sewage sludges in Upper Silesia, Poland. Vom Wasser, 84: 19–33

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Boos KS (1992) Coupled column high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of 1–hydroxypyrene in urine of subjects exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Chromatogr 600: 189–194

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Brouwer ER, Hermans ANJ, Lingeman H, Brinkman UAT (1994) Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water by column liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, using on-line micelle-mediated sample preparation. J Chromatogr A 669: 45

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Burford MD, Hawthrone SB, Miller DJ (1993) Extraction rates of spiked versus native PAHs from heterogeneous environmental samples using supercritical fluid extraction and sonication in methylene chloride. Anal Chem 65: 1497–1505

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Camel V, Tambuté A, Caude M (1993) Analtyical scale supercritical fluid extraction: a promising technique for the determination of pollutants in environmental matrices. J Chromatogr 642: 263–281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Capangpangan MB, Noblet JA, Suffet IH (1996) Evaluation of selected filters for collection and subsequent supercritical fluid extraction of suspended solids for trace organic analysis. J Chromatogr A 753: 279–290

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Chen SC, Suresh P, Rao C, Lee LS (1996) Evaluation of extraction and detection methods for determining polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from coal tar contaminated soils. Chemosphere 32: 1123–1132

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Chester TL, Pinkston JD, Raynie DE (1994) Supercritical fluid chromatography and extraction. Anal Chem 66: 106R - 130R

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Chladek E, Marano RS (1984) Use of bonded phase silica sorbents for sampling of priority pollutants in wastewater. J Chromatogr Sci 22: 313

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Codina G, Vaquero M. T, Comellas L, Broto-Puig F (1994) Comparison of various extraction and cleanup methods for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludge-amended soils. J Chromatogr A 673: 21–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Colmsjö A and Stenberg U (1979) Vacuum sublimation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons separated by thin-layer chromatography for detection with Shpol’skii fluorescence. J Chromatogr 169: 205–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Dankers J, Groenenboom M, Scholtis LHA, Van der Heiden C (1993) High speed supercritical fluid extraction methods for routine measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental soils with dichloromethane as a static modifier. J Chromatogr 641: 357–362

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Dean J R (1996) Accelerated solvent extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated soil. Anal Commun 33: 191–192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Domagalski JL, Kuivila KM (1993) Distribution of pesticides and organic contaminants between water and suspended sediment, San Francisco Bay, California Estuaries 16: 416–426

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Enders B, Schwedt G (1996) Mikrowellenunterstütze Extraktion in der Analytik von PCB and PAK aus Boden and Klärschlamme GIT Fachz Lab 40: 174–6

    Google Scholar 

  22. Felix G, Thienpont A, Dentraygues P (1992) Synthesis of acceptor bonded phases for donor-acceptor liquid chromatography. Chromatographia 34: 177–181. 47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Ganzler K, Salago A, Valko K (1986) A novel sample preparation method for chromatography. J Chromatogr 371: 299–306

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Geisert M, Rose T, Zahn RK (1988) Extraction an trace enrichment of genotoxicants from environmental samples by solid phase adsorption on blue pearls. Fresenius Z Anal Chem 330: 437–438

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Golden C, Sawicki E (1975) Ultrasonic extraction of total particulate aromatic hydrocarbons from airborne particles at room temperature. Int J Environ Anal Chem 4: 9–23

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Gundel LA, Mahanama KRR, Daisey JM (1995) Semivolatile and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental tobacco smoke: cleanup, speciation and emission factors. Environ Sci Technol 29: 1607–14

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Hawthrone SB (1990) Analytical scale supercritical fluid extraction. Anal Chem 62: 633A

    Google Scholar 

  28. Hawthrone SB, Miller DJ, Burford MD, Langenfeld JJ, Eckert-Tilotta S, Louie PK (1993) Factors controlling quantitative supercritical fluid extraction of environmental samples. J Chromatogr 642: 301–317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Hayatsu H (1992) Cellulose bearing covalently linked copper phthalocyanine trisulphonate as an adsorbent selective for polycyclic compounds and its use in studies of environmental mutagens and carcinogens. J Chromatogr 597: 37–56

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Hills JW, Hill HH. (1993) Carbon dioxide supercritical fluid extraction with a reactive solvent modifier for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Chromatogr Sci 31: 6–12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Hoefler F, Jensen D, Ezzel J, Richter B (1995) Accelerated solvent extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from solid samples with subsequent HPLC analysis. GIT Spez Chromatogr 15: 68–71

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Hoefler F, Ezzell J, Richter B (1995) Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). Labor Praxis 19: 65–7

    Google Scholar 

  33. Janda V, Bartle KD, Clifford AA (1992) Supercritical fluid extraction in environmental analysis. J Chromatogr 642: 283–299

    Google Scholar 

  34. Jävenpää E, Huopalahti R, Tapanainen P (1996) Use of supercritical fluid extraction-high performance liquid chromatography in the determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from smoked and broiled fish. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol 19: 1473–1482

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Kicinski HG, Adamek S u Kettrup A (1989) Trace enrichment and HPLC analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples, using solid phase extraction in connection with UV/VIS diode array and fluorescence detection. Chromatographia 28: 203–208

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Kiss G, Varga-Puchony Z, Hlavay J (1996) Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in precipitation using solid-phase extraction and column liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 725: 261–72

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Lai F, White L (1995) Automated precolumn concentration and high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in water using a single pump and a single valve. J Chromatogr A 692: 11–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Langenfeld JJ, Hawthorne SB, Miller DJ, Pawilszyn J (1994) Role of modifiers for analytical scale supercritical fluid extraction of environmental samples. Anal Chem 66: 909–916

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Levy JM, Doalta LA, Ravey RM (1993) Considerations of SFE for GC/MS determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in soil and sediments. J Chromatogr Sci 31: 349

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Lewis AC, Kupiszewska D, Bartle KD, Pilling MJ (1995) City center concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using supercritical fluid extraction. Atmos Environ 29: 1531–42

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Lindhardt B, Holst H, Christensen TH (1994) Comparison of “Soxhlet” and shake extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from coal tar polluted soils sampled in the field. Int J Environ Anal Chem 57: 9–19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Lopez-Avila V, Young R, Beckert WF (1994) Microwave-assisted extraction of organic compounds from standard reference soils and sediments. Anal Chem 66: 1097–1106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Lopez-Avila V, Bauer K, Milanes J, Beckert W (1992) Evaluation of Soxtec Procedure for Extraactiong organic copounds from soil and sediments. J AOAC Int 76: 864–80

    Google Scholar 

  44. Maliszewska-Kordybach B, Oleszek W (1994) The use of high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in soil samples. Acta Chromatogr. 3: 84–93

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Manoli E, Samara C (1996) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waste waters and sewage sludge: extraction and cleanup for HPLC analysis with fluorescence detection. Chromatographia 43: 135–142

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Manoli E, Samara C (1994) Comparative study on the extraction of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from urban atmospheric particulates by various techniques and solvents. Fresenius Environ Bull 4: 74–79

    Google Scholar 

  47. Marvin CH, Allan L, McCarry BE, Bryant DW (1992) A comparison of ultrasonic extraction and Soxhlet extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from sediments and air particulate material. In. J Environ Anal Chem. 49: 221–30

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Meyer A, Kleinbohmer W (1993) Supercritical fluid extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from a marine sediment and analyte collection via liquid solid trapping. J Chromatogr A 657: 327–335

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Miao Z, Yang MJ, Pawliszyn J (1995) Extraction of airborne organic contaminants from adsorbents using supercritical fluid. J Chromatogr Sci 33: 493–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Moret S, Bortolomeazzi R, Rebecca S, Conte LS (1996) HPLC evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in olive oils: a comparison of some extraction and cleanup methods. Riv Ital Sostanze Grasse 73: 141–146

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Moret S, Amici S, Bortolomeazzi R, Lercker Giovanni (1995) Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and water-based alcoholic beverages. Z Lebensm-Unters Forsch 201: 322–6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Ogan K, Katz E, Slavin W (1978) Concentration and determination of trace amounts of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous samples. J Chromatogr Sci 16: 517

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Perrin JL, Poirot N, Liska P, Thienpont A, Felix G (1995) Trace enrichment and HPLC analysis of PAHs in edible oils and fat products, with liquid chromatography on electron-acceptor stationary phases in connection with reverse phase and fluorescence detection. Fett Wiss Technol 95: 46–51

    Google Scholar 

  54. Raccanelli S, Pavoni B, Maroli L, Sfriso A (1994) One step cleanup and separation of chlorinated. aliphatic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples, prior to gas chromatographic quantification. Toxicol Environ Chem 45: 121–37

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Reimer G, Suarez A (1995) Comparison of supercritical fluid extraction and Soxhlet extraction for the analysis of native polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils. J Chromatogr A 699: 253–63

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Reindi S, Höfler F (1994) Optimization of parameters in supercritical fluid extraction of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from soil samples. Anal Chem 66: 1808

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Reindl S, Höfler F (1994) Optimization of the parameters in supercritical fluid extraction of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from soil. Anal Chem 66: 1808–1816

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Richter BE, Jones BA, Ezzell JL, Porter NL, Avdalovic N, Pohl C (1996) Accelerated solvent extraction a technique for sample preparation. Anal Chem 68: 1033–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Richter BE, Ezzell JL, Felix D, Roberts KA, Later DW (1995) An accelerated solvent extraction system for the rapid preparation of environmental organic compounds. Am Lab (Shelton, Conn.), 27: 26–28

    Google Scholar 

  60. Rodriguez C, Jauzein M, Colin F, Haag JL (1995) Optimization of supercritical fluid extraction for the quantitative analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil samples. Soil Environ 5: 533–534

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Rostad CE, Pereira WE, Ratcliff SM (1984) Bonded phase extraction column isolation of organic compounds in groundwater at a hazardous waste site. Anal Chem 56: 2856

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Taylor PN, Lester JN (1995) Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in a River Thames sediment core. Environ Technol 16: 1155–63

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Torsten S (1993) Selective cleanup for polynuclear aromatic compounds in airborne particles and soil. J Chromatogr 643: 43–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Yang Y, Gharaibeh A, Hawthorne SB, Miller DJ (1995) Combined temperature/modifier effects on supercritical CO2 extraction efficiencies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from environmental samples. Anal Chem 67: 641–6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, University of Stockholm, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden

    Anders Colmsjö

  2. National Institute of Working Life, 17184, Solna, Sweden

    Anders Colmsjö

Authors
  1. Anders Colmsjö
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Research Institute, Swedish Environmental, P.O. Box 21060, S-10031, Stockholm, Sweden

    Alasdair H. Neilson

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Colmsjö, A. (1998). Concentration and Extraction of PAHs from Environmental Samples. In: Neilson, A.H. (eds) PAHs and Related Compounds. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 3 / 3I. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49697-7_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-49697-7_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-08286-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-49697-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation