Skip to main content

Maximum Entropy Models for Skin Detection

  • Conference paper

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNCS,volume 2683))

Abstract

We consider a sequence of three models for skin detection built from a large collection of labelled images. Each model is a maximum entropy model with respect to constraints concerning marginal distributions. Our models are nested. The first model, called the baseline model is well known from practitioners. Pixels are considered independent. Performance, measured by the ROC curve on the Compaq Database is impressive for such a simple model. However, single image examination reveals very irregular results. The second model is a Hidden Markov Model which includes constraints that force smoothness of the solution. The ROC curve obtained shows better performance than the baseline model. Finally, color gradient is included. Thanks to Bethe tree approximation, we obtain a simple analytical expression for the coefficients of the associated maximum entropy model. Performance, compared with previous model is once more improved.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Jones, M.J., Rehg, J.M.: Statistical Color Models with Application to Skin Detection, Compaq, CRL 98/11 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Wu, C., Doerschuk, P.C.: Tree Approximations to Markov Random Fields. IEEE Transactions on PAMI 17(4), 391–402 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Bergasa, L.M., Mazo, M., Gardel, A., Sotelo, M.A., Boquete, L.: Unsupervised and adapative Gaussian skin-color model. Image and Vision Computing 18, 987–1003 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Jones, M.J., Rehg, J.M.: Statistical color models with application to skin detection. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 274–280 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Terrillon, J.-C., Shirazi, M.N., Fukamachi, H., Akamatsu, S.: Comparative Performance of Different Skin Chrominance Models and Chrominance Spaces for the Automatic Detection of Human Faces in Color Images. In: Fourth International Conference On Automatic Face and gesture Recognition, pp. 54–61 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Terrillon, J.-C., David, M., Akamatsu, S.: Automatic Detection of Human Faces in Natural Scene Images by Use of a Skin Color Model and of Inavariant Moments. In: IEEE Third International Conference on Automatic Face and gesture Recognition, pp. 112–117 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Wang, J.Z., Li, J., Wiederhold, G., Firschein, O.: System for Screening Objectionable Images. Images, Computer Communications Journal (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Wang, J.Z., Li, J., Wiederhold, G., Firschein, O.: Classifying objectionable websites based on image content, Notes in Computer Science. Special issue on iteractive distributed multimedia systems and telecommunication services 21/15, 113–124 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Estimation, L.Y.: annealing for Gibbsian fields, Annales de l’Institut Henry Poincare, Section B, Calcul des Probabilités et Statistique, 24, 269-294 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Geman, S., Geman, D.: Stochastic relaxation, Gibbs distributions, and the Bayesian Restoration of Images. IEEE Transactions on PAMI 6, 721–741 (1984)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  11. Besag, J.: On the Statistical Analysis of Dirty Pictures. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, B 48(3), 259–302 (1986)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  12. Zhang, J.: The mean field theory in EM procedure for Markov Random Fields. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 40(10), 2570–2583 (1992)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. Jaynes, E.T.: Information Theory and Statistical Mechanics. Physical Review 106, 620–630 (1957)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  14. Wu, Y.N., Zhu, S.C., Liu, X.W.: Equivalence of Julesz Ensemble and FRAME models. International Journal of Computer Vision 38(3), 247–265 (2000)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. Winkler, G.: Image Analysis. In: Random Fields and Dynamic Monte Carlo Methods. Springer, Heidelberg (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Gibbs, J.W.: Elementary Principles of Statistical Mechanics. Yale University Press, New Haven (1902)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  17. Martin-Lof, A.: The Equivalence of Ensembles and Gibbs’Phase Rule for Classical Lattice-Systems. Journal of Statistical Phisics 20, 557–569 (1979)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  18. Chellappa, R., Jain, A.: Markov Random Fields: Theory and Applications. Academic Press, London (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Cover, T.M., Thomas, J.A.: Elements of Information Theory. Wiley, Chichester (1991)

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  20. Divino, F., Frigessi, A.: Penalized pseudolikelihood inference in spatial interaction models Scandinavian. Journal of Statistics 27(3), 445–458 (2000)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  21. Zhu, S.C., Wu, Y., Mumford, D.: Filters, Random Fields and Maximum. International Journal of Computer Vision 27(2), 107–126 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Celeux, G., Forbes, F., Peyrard, N.: EM Procedures Using Mean Field-Like Approximations for Markov Model-Based Image Segmentation. Pattern Recognition 36(1) (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Jedynak, B., Zheng, H., Daoudi, M., Barret, D.: Maximum Entropy Models for Skin Detection,Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, France. In: publication IRMA, Vol  57, XIII (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Yedida, J.S., Freeman, W.T., Weiss, Y.: Understanding Belief Propagation and its Generalisations, Mitsubitch Electric Rsearch Laboratories, TR-2001-22 (January 2002)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Pearl, J.: Probabilistic Reasoning in intelligent systems: networks of plausible inference. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (1988)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Jedynak, B., Zheng, H., Daoudi, M. (2003). Maximum Entropy Models for Skin Detection. In: Rangarajan, A., Figueiredo, M., Zerubia, J. (eds) Energy Minimization Methods in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. EMMCVPR 2003. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 2683. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45063-4_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45063-4_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-40498-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-45063-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics