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Occurrence and Regulation of Chlorination By-Products in Drinking Water

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Book cover Haloforms and Related Compounds in Drinking Water

Part of the book series: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry ((HEC5,volume 5 / 5G))

Abstract

Disinfection of drinking water with chlorine results in formation of halogenated organic by-products (chlorination by-products, CBPs) due to the reaction of chlorine with natural organic matter (NOM) in water. The main categories of CBPs are trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloaldehydes, haloketones, haloacetonitriles, chloropicrin, chlorophenols and MX. These compounds may have adverse effects on human health, according to epidemiological and toxicological studies. Therefore, minimization of their concentrations in drinking water is an issue of substantial importance. Relative regulation is being revised worldwide, as research on occurrence and health effects of CBPs goes on. The present work provides an overview of findings regarding occurrence of CBPs in drinking water of different countries. Regulation of these compounds by international organizations as well as guidelines established at national level for their concentrations in drinking water are also presented.

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Abbreviations

1,1,1-TCP:

1,1,1-Trichloropropanone

1,1-DCP:

1,1-Dichloropropanone

BCA:

Bromochloroacetic acid

BCAN:

Bromochloroacetonitrile

BDCA:

Bromodichloroacetic acid

CBPs:

Chlorination by products

CH:

Chloral hydrate

CP:

Chloropicrin

DBA:

Dibromoacetic acid

DBAN:

Dibromoacetonitrile

DBCA:

Dibromochloroacetic acid

DCA:

Dichloroacetic acid

DCAN:

Dichloroacetonitrile

EU:

European Union

HAAs:

Haloacetic acids

MBA:

Monobromoacetic acid

MBAN:

Monobromoacetonitrile

MCA:

Monochloroacetic acid

MCAN:

Monochloroacetonitrile

MCL:

Maximum contaminant level

MCLG:

Maximum contaminant level goal

NOM:

Natural organic matter

TBA:

Tribromoacetic acid

TBAN:

Tribromoacetonitrile

TCA:

Trichloroacetic acid

TCAN:

Trichloroacetonitrile

THMs:

Trihalomethanes

TOX:

Total organic halogen

USEPA:

United States Environmental Protection Agency

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Studies, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 81100, Mytilene, Greece

    Themistokles D. Lekkas

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  1. Themistokles D. Lekkas
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Water and Air Quality Lab., Dept. of Environm. Studies, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 811 00, Mytilene, Greece

    Anastasia D. Nikolaou

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Lekkas, T.D. (2003). Occurrence and Regulation of Chlorination By-Products in Drinking Water. In: Nikolaou, A.D. (eds) Haloforms and Related Compounds in Drinking Water. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 5 / 5G. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44997-3_8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44997-3_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-53618-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-44997-3

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