Genotoxicity is a priority measurement for assessment and communication of genotoxic effects (DNA strand breaks) in the water matrix and the trophic levels of the ecosystem (Eco-Genotoxicity). Genotoxicity induction with single substances and surface water samples shows clearly the good sensitivity and reproducibility of the DNA-unwinding assay. The DNA alkaline unwinding assay detects levels of DNA fragmentation; the relative numbers of DNA strand breaks are described as the “-log F -value.” The results of DNA fragmentation in genotoxin-exposed cells of a RTG-2 cell line, the mussel Dreissena polymorpha, and fish larvae of the fish species Danio rerio are discussed. The early life stages of the fish species D. rerio show the significant high sensitivity and reproducibility of the DNA alkaline unwinding assay. As a reference method for the validation of genotoxicity pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was investigated. The LOEC (Lowest Observed Effect Concentration) of the genotoxin 4-nitroquinoline- N -Oxid (4-NQO) was 78 μg l−1 for both test organisms, cell lines and fish larvae. Native surface water samples from representative stations on the River Rhine and the River Elbe significantly induced genotoxicity in the RTG-2 fish cell line and in fish larvae from D. rerio. An increased sensitivity was measured in D. rerio fish larvae 48 h after hatching during 3 h-exposure. The LOEC of the mussel D. polymorpha exposed in river water was less sensitive in the DNA alkaline unwinding assay: LOEC = 250 μg 1−1 4-NQO. In coastal waters the marine mussel Mytilus edulis is a good indicator organism for the detection of genotoxic effects and biotoxins. Beside immunotoxicity also genotoxic effects (DNA strand breaks) are found especially in UV-B (ultraviolet-B) exposed mussels (Luckas, B., J. Dahlmann, K.Erler, G. Gerdts, N. Wasmund, C. Hummert, P.-D. Hansen (2005) An Overview on Key Phytoplankton Toxins and their recent occurrence in North Sea and Baltic. Environmental Toxicology 20(1):1–17). To validate the influence of UV-B on exposed mussels (hepatopancreas and mussel hemocytes) UV-B exposure was investigated (Figs. 1 and 2) to induce and demonstrate eco-genotoxic effects in mussels and fish embryos. The fish eggs of the marine fish species Limanda limanda were experimentally exposed to UV-B radiation in a solar radiation simulator onboard the research vessel RV Walther Herwig III. The experimental design attempted to simulate present and future conditions in the context of eco-genotoxicity and increased UV-B exposure due to northern hemisphere ozone loss. The impact of low dosages of UV-B indicates an important genotoxic and ecological threat concerning ecosystem integrity status at the population level. In our experiments embryos of L. limanda taken from sites located along a gradient of chemical stress in the German Bight were exposed to solar ultraviolet-B light and allowed to recover for a defined period. The involved research groups from different disciplines and research organizations showed a significant time and dosage-dependent influence of UV-B radiation on mortality and sublethal eco-genotoxic effects (DNA damage in the environment). Our hypothesis was that there might be an interaction between exposure to chemical contaminants and the ability of embryos to recover from UV-induced genotoxic effects by repairment.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Houk VS, Waters MD (1996) Genetic toxicology and risk assessment of complex environmental mixtures. Drug Chem Toxicol 19:187–219
Hansen P-D (2008) Biosensors and ecotoxicology. Eng Life Sci 8:1–7
Hansen P-D (2008) Biosensors for environmental and human health. In: Young J Kim, U. Platt (eds) Advanced environmental monitoring, Sect. 4, Chap. 23. Springer, Heidelberg, New York, pp 297–311
Rao SS, Burnison BK, Efler S, Wittekindt E, Hansen P-D, Rokosh DA (1995) Assessment of genotoxic potential of pulp mill effluent and an effluent fraction using AMES- mutagenicity and umuC-genotoxicity assays. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 10:301–305
Rao SS, Neheli TA, Carey JH, Herbert A, Hansen P-D (1996) DNA alkaline unwinding assay for monitoring the impact of environmental genotoxins. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 11:351–354
De Maagd PGJ, Vethaak AD (1998) Biotransformation of PAHs and their carcinogenic effects in fish. In: Neilson AH (eds) The Handbook of environmental chemistry, 3J PAHs and related compounds. Springer, Berlin, pp 265–310
Hansen P-D, Herbert A (1998) Small-scale in vitro genotoxicity tests for bacteria and invertebrates. In: Wells PG, Lee K, Blaise C (eds) Microscale aquatic toxicology — advances, techniques and practice. CRC, Florida, pp 237–252
De Maagd PGJ, Tonkes M (2000) Selection of genotoxicity tests for risk assessment of effluents. Environ Toxicol 15(2):81–90
Dizer H, Wittekindt E, Fischer B, Hansen P-D (2002) The cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of surface water and wastewater effluents as determined by bioluminescence, umu-assays and selected biomarkers. Chemosphere 46:225–233
Hansen P-D (2003) Biomarkers. In: Markert BA, Breure AM, Zechmeister HG (eds) Bioindicators and biomonitors, principles, concepts and applications. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 203–220
Hansen P-D, Blasco J, De Valls A, Poulsen V, van den Heuvel-Greve M (2007) Biological analysis (Bioassays, Biomarkers, Biosensors) In: Damia Barceló and Mira Petrovic (eds) Sustainable management of sediment resources, Vo l 2, Sediment quality and impact assessment of pollutants. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 131–157
Maron DM, Ames BN (1983) Revised methods for the salmonella mutagenicity test. Mutat Res 113:173–215
Quilardet P, de Bellecombe C, Hofnung M (1985) The SOS chromotest, a colorimetric bacterial assay for genotoxins: validation study with 83 compounds. Mutat Res 147:79–95
Côté C, Blaise C, Delisle C, Meighen EA, Hansen P-D (1995) A miniaturized Ames test employing bioluminescent strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Mutat Res 345:137–146
Oda Y, Nakamura S, Oki I, Kato T, Shinagawa H (1985) Evaluation of the new system (Umu-test) for the detection of environmental mutagens and carcinogens. Mutat Res 147:219–229
Hansen P-D (1996) Bioassays on sediment toxicity. In: Calmano and Förster (eds) Sediments and toxic substances — environmental effects and ecotoxicity. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 179–196
ISO 13829 (2000) Determination of the genotoxicity using the umu-test
Nacci D, Nelson S, Nelson W, Jackim E (1992) Application of the DNA alkaline unwinding assay to detect DNA strand breaks in marine bivalves. Mar Environ Res 33:83–100
Herbert A, Hansen P-D (1998) Genotoxicity in fish eggs/embryos. In: Wells PG, Lee K, Blaise C (eds) Microscale aquatic toxicology — advances, techniques and practice. CRC, Florida, pp 491–505
Kanter P-M, Schwarz HS (1978) A hydroxylapatite batch assay for quantitation of cellular DNA damage. Anal Biochem 97:77–84
Ahnström G, Erixon K (1981) Measurement of strand breaks by alkaline denaturation and hydroxyapatite chromatography. In: Friedberg EC, Hanawalt PC (eds) DNA repair: a laboratory manual of research procedures. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 403–418
Holmberg M, Lageberg M, Niejahr B, Rödin L (1988) Simultaneous detection of DNA strand breaks and unscheduled DNA synthesis in mutagen-treated human lymphocytes in the absence of hydroxyurea. Mutat Res 202:111–118
Shugart LR (1988) Quantitation of chemically induced damage to DNA of aquatic organisms by alkaline unwinding assay. Aquat Toxikol 13:43–52
Dethlefsen V, von Westernhagen H, Tüg H, Hansen P-D, Dizer H (2001) Influence of solar ultraviolet-B on pelagic fish embryos: osmolality, mortality and viable hatch, Helgol. Mar Res 55:45–55
Hansen P-D, Sherry J, Dizer H, Tüg H, Dethlefsen V, von Westernhagen H (2009) Influence of solar ultraviolet-B on pelagic fish embryos: DNA Fragmentation and DNA Thymindimers, Journal of Applied Idthyology, 25, 5 in press
Nagel R (1993) Fish and environmental chemicals — a critical evaluation of tests. In: Braunbeck T, Hanke W, Segner H (eds) Fish. Ecotoxicology and ecophysiology, vol 1. VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, pp 47–156
Belitzky GA, Lytcheva TA, Khitrovo IA, Safaev RD, Zhurkov VS, Vyskubenko IF, Sytshova LP, Salamatova OG, Feldt EG, Khudoley VV, Mizgirev IV, Khovanova EM, Lugnivenko EG, Tanirbergenov TB, Malinovska KI, Revazova Yu A, Ingel FI, Bratslavsky VA, Terentyev AB, Shapiro AA, Williams GM (1994) Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity testing of 1,2-dibromo-propane and 1,1,3-tribromopropane in comparison to 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane. Cell Biol Toxicol 10(4):265–279
Troxel CM, Reddy AP, O'Neal PE, Hendricks JD, Bailey GS (1997) In vivo aflatoxin B1 metabolism and hepatic DNA adduction in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 143:213–220
Troxel CM, Buhler DR, Hendricks JD, Bailey GS (1997) CYP1A Induction by β-Naphthoflavone, Aroclor 1254, and 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and it's influence on Aflatoxin B1 metabolism and DNA adduction in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 146:69–78
Garberg P, Akerblom EL, Bolcsfoldi G (1988) Evaluation of a genotoxicity test measuring DNA-strand breaks in mouse lymphoma cells by alkaline unwinding and hydroxyapatite elution. Mutat Res 203:155–176
Dragani AT, Barale R, Parodi S, Taningher M, Zucconi D, Della Porte G (1990) Negative results of short-term genotoxicity tests with 1,4-bis82-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene. Carcinogenesis 11:1153–1157
Nygren J, Cedervall BS, Eriksson M, Dusinska M, KolmanA(1994) Induction of DNA strand breaks by ethylene oxide in human diploid fibroblasts. Environ Mol Mutat 24:161–167
Duis K, Unruh E, Hansen P-D (1996) Validation of a cytotoxicity assay with the Fish cell line RTG2 as an replacement of the fish assay (Validierung eines Zytotoxizitätstests als Ersatzmethode zum Fischtest nach DIN 38412 Teil 31: Phase II; Final Report, BMBF AZ. 0310314B
Reincke H (1992) Biological effect monitoring in the river Elbe using the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. In: Neumann D, Jenner HA (eds) The zebra mussel Dreissena poly-morpha. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Germany
Dizer H, Unruh E, Bissinger V, Hansen P-D (2001) Investigation of genotoxicity and immu-notoxicity for monitoring marine pollution in the Baltic sea and Mediterranean Sea. In: Garrigues Ph, Barth H, Walker CH, Narbonne J-F (eds) Biomarkers in marine organisms: a practical approach. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 237–257
Borcherding J (1992) Morphometric changes in relation to the annual reproductive cycle in Dreissena polymorpha — a prerequisite for biomonitoring studies with Zebra Mussels. In: Neumann D, Jenner HA (eds) The Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymorpha. Limnologie aktuell, Bd. 4, Gustav Meyer Verlag, Stuttgart, pp 87–99
Neumann D, Jenner HA(eds) (1992) The zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Germany
Hochegger H, Sonoda E, Takeda S (2004) Post-replication repair in DT 40 cells: translesion polymerases versus recombinases. BioEssays 26:151–158
Luckas B, Dahlmann J, Erler K, Gerdts G, Wasmund N, Hummert C, Hansen P-D (2005) An overview on key phytoplankton toxins and their recent occurrence in North Sea and Baltic. Environ Toxicol 20(1):1–17
ISO 16240 (2005) Determination of the genotoxicity of water – Salmonella/microsome test (AMES-test)
ISO 21427 — 2 (2006) Evaluation of genotoxicity by measurement of the induction of micro-nuclei — Part 2: “Mixed population” method using the cell line V 79
Bilitewski U, Brenner-Weiss G, Hansen P-D, Hock B, Meulenberg E, Müller G, Obst U, Sauerwein H, Scheller FW, Schmid R, Schnabl G, Spener F (2000) Bioresponse-linked instrumental analysis. Trends Anal Chem 19(7):428–433
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hansen, P.D. et al. (2009). Genotoxicity in the Environment (Eco-Genotoxicity). In: Barceló, D., Hansen, PD. (eds) Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring of Aquatic Systems. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 5J. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-36253-1_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-36253-1_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-00278-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-36253-1
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)