Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Zwangsstörung

  • Chapter
Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie

  • 11k Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Zwangsstörungen kommen mit ca. 2% in der Allgemeinbevölkerung wesentlich häufiger vor als früher angenommen. Es dauert oft viele Jahre, bis ein Zwangspatient eine korrekte Diagnose und eine adäquate Therapie erhält. Ursache und Entstehung sind multifaktoriell bedingt. Der Krankheitsverlauf ist häufig chronisch und mit einer ausgeprägten psychiatrischen Komorbidität und psychosozialen Behinderung assoziiert. Unter den therapeutischen Ansätzen kommt der Pharmakotherapie mit serotonerg wirksamen Antidepressiva und der kognitiv-behavioralen Psychotherapie eine zentrale Bedeutung zu.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 199.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  • Abramowitz J, Moore K, Carmin C et al. (2001) Acute onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder in males following childbirth. Psychosomatics 42: 429–431

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abramowitz JS (2006) The psychological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Can J Psychiatry 51: 407–416

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akhtar S, Wig NN, Varma VK et al. (1975) A phenomenological analysis of symptoms in obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Br J Psychiatry 127: 342–348

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander GE, Crutcher MD, DeLeong MR (1990) Basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuits: Parallel substrates for motor, oculomotor, »prefrontal« and limbic functions. Prog Brain Res 85: 119–146

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allert ML, Meyer JE (1958) Anankastisches Syndrom als Enzephalitis-Folge. Nervenarzt 29: 116–120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alonso P, Pujol J, Cardoner N et al. (2001) Right prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 158: 1143–1145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alsobrook JP, Zohar AH, Leboyer M et al. (2002) Association between the COMT locus and obsesssive-compulsive disorder in females but not in males. Am J Med Genet 114: 116–120

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews G, Stewart G, Allen R et al. (1990) The genetics of six neurotic disorders: A twin study. J Affect Dis 19: 23–29

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold PD, Richter MA (2001) Is obsessive-compulsive disorder an autoimmune disease? CMAJ 165: 1353–1358

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold PD, Sicard T, Burroughs E et al. (2006) Glutamate transporter gene SLC1A1 associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63: 769–776

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baumgarten HG, Grozdanovic Z (1995) Die Rolle des Serotonins in der Verhaltensmodulation. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 1: 3–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumgarten HG, Grozdanovic Z (1997) Anatomy of central serotoninergic projection systems. In: Baumgarten HG, Göthert M (eds) Handbook of experimental pharmacology, vol 129: Serotoninergic neurons and 5-HT-receptors in the CNS. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, pp 41–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumgarten HG, Grozdanovic Z (1998) Role of serotonin in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry 173(Suppl 35): 13–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Bebbington PE (1998) Epidemiology of obsessive-compuslive disorder. Br J Psychiatry 173(Suppl 35): 2–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Benedetti G (1993) Psychodynamik der Zwangsneurose. Wissenschaftliche Buchgemeinschaft, Darmstadt

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman I, Kalinowski A, Bermann SM et al. (1995) Obsessive and compulsive symptoms in chronic schizophrenia. Compr Pychiatry 36: 6–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Black A (1974) The natural history of obsessional neurosis. In: Beech HR (ed) Obsessional states. Methuen, London, pp 19–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Black DW, Noyes R Jr, Goldstein RB et al. (1992) A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49: 362–368

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bleuler E (1911) Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien. In: Aschaffenburg G (Hrsg) Handbuch der Psychiatrie. Deuticke, Leipzig Wien (Bd 4/1)

    Google Scholar 

  • Blier P, Habib R, Flament MF (2006) Pharmacotherapies in the management of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Can J Psychiatry 51: 417–430

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bottas A, Cooke RG, Richter MA (2005) Comorbidity and pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in schizophrenia: Is there evidence for a schizo-obsessive subtype of schizophrenia? J Psychiatry Neurosci 30: 187–193

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bracha HS (2006) Human brain evolution and the »Neuroevolutionary time-depth principle«: Implications for the reclassification of fear-circuitry-related traits in DSM-V and for studying resilience to warzone-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Progr Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 30: 827–853

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bram A, Bjorgvinsson T (2004) A psychodynamic clinician’s foray into cognitive-behavioral therapy utilizing exposure-response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychother 58: 304–320

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brody AL, Saxena S, Schwartz JM et al. (1998) FDG-PET predictors of response to behavioral therapy versus pharmacotherapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 84: 1–6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broocks A, Pigott TA, Hill JL et al. (1998) Acute intravenous administration of ondansetron and mCPP, alone and in combination, in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): Behavioral and biological results. Psychiatry Res 79: 11–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Camarena B, Rinetti G, Cruz C et al. (2001) Additional evidence that genetic variation of MAO-A gene supports a gender subtype in obessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Med Genet 105: 279–282

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carey G, Gottesman II (1981) Twin and familiy studies of anxiety, phobic and obsessive disorders. In: Klein DF, Rabkin JG (eds) Anxiety: New research and changing concepts. Raven, New York, pp 117–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlin SR, Blackwell AD, Fineberg NA et al. (2005) The neuropsychology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: The importance of the failures in cognitive and behavioural inhibition as candidate endophenotypic markers. Neurosci Biobehav Res 29: 399–419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coffey BJ, Miguel EC, Savage CR et al. (1994) Tourette’s disorder and related problems: A review and update. Harvard Rev Psychiatry 2: 122–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen LJ, Hollander E, Stein DJ (1998) The neuropsychiatry of OCD. In: Hollander E, Stein DJ (eds) Obsessive-compulsive disorders. Diagnosis, etiology, treatment. Dekker, New York Basel Hong Kong, pp 75–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Coric V, Taskiran S, Pittenger C et al. (2005) Riluzole augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: An open-label trial. Biol Psychol 58: 424–428

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coryell W (1981) Obsessive-compulsive disorder and primary unipolar depression. J Nerv Ment Dis 169: 220–224

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Csef H (1994) Neuere Entwicklungen in der psychoanalytischen Behandlungstechnik der Zwangsstörung. Prax Klein Verhaltensmed Rehab 26: 70–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummings JL (1993) Frontal-subcortical circuits and human behavior. Arch Neurol 50: 873–880

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings JL, Mega MS (2003) Neuropsychiatry and behavioural neuroscience. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummings JL, Trimble MR (1995) Neuropsychiatry and behavioral neurology. American Psychiatric Press, Washington/DC London

    Google Scholar 

  • De Silva P (1986) Obsessional-compulsive imagery. Behav Res Ther 24: 333–350

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Silva P, Rachman S (1992) Obsessive compulsive disorder. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Deckersbach T, Dougherty DD, Rauch SL (2006) Functional imaging of mood and anxiety disorders. J Neuoimaging 16: 1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • DeGroot C, Bornstein R, Janus M et al. (1994) Patterns of obsessive compulsive symptoms in Tourette individuals are independent of severity. Anxiety 1: 268–274

    Google Scholar 

  • Dell’Osso B, Nestadt G, Allen A, Hollander E (2006) Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A critical review. J Clin Psychiatry 67: 600–610

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denys D (2006) Pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am 29: 553–584

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denys D, Zohar J, Westenberg HG (2004) The role of dopamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Preclinical and clinical evidence. J Clin Psychiatry 65(Suppl 14): 11–17

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickel DE, Veenstra-Van der Weele J, Cox NJ et al. (2006) Association testing of the positional and functional candidate gene SLC1A1/EAAC1 in early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63: 778–785

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diniz J, Rosario-Campos MC, Shavitt RG et al. (2004) Impact of age of onset and duration of illness in the expression of comorbidities in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 65: 22–27

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doron G, Kyrios M (2005) Obsessive-compulsive disorder: A review of possible specific internal representations within a broader cognitive theory. Clin Psychol Rev 25: 415–432

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doron G, Kyrios M, Moulding R (2007) Sensitive domains of self-concept in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): Further evidence for a multidimensional model of OCD. J Anxiety Disord 21: 433–444

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dougherty DD, Baer L, Cosgrove GR et al. (2002) Prospective long-term follow-up of 44 patients who received cingulotomy for treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 159: 269–275

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dowling FG, Pato MT, Pato CN (1995) Comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive and psychotic symptoms: A review. Harvard Rev Psychiatry 3: 75–83

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Du Saulle L (1875) La folie du doute avec le delire du toucher. Ann Med Psychol 2: 937–956

    Google Scholar 

  • Duggan C (1996) Behaviour therapy and drug treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Adv Psychiatr Treat 2: 86–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DuPont R, Rice D, Shiraki S et al. (1995) Pharmacoeconomics: Economic costs of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Med Interface 4: 102–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Eales MJ, Layeni AO (1994) Exacerbation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms associated with clozapine. Br J Psychiatry 164: 687–688

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisen J, Rasmussen S (1993) Obsessive-compulsive disorder with psychotic features. J Clin Psychiatry 54: 373–379

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El Mansari M, Bouchard C, Blier P (1995) Alteration of serotonin release in the guinea pig orbitofrontal cortex by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Relevance to the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 13: 117–127

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Esman AH (1985) Psychoanalysis and general psychiatry: Obsessive-compulsive disorder as paradigm. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 37: 319–336

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fallon BA, Liebowitz MR, Campeas R et al. (1998) Intravenous clomipramine for obsessive-compulsive disorder refractory to oral clomipramine. A placebo controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55: 918–924

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng R, Leckman JF, Zhang H (2004) Linkage analysis of ordinal traits for pedigree data. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 16739–15744

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenichel O (1975) Psychoanalytische Neurosenlehre. Olten, Freiburg

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenton WS, McGlashan TH (1986) The prognostic significance of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 143: 437–441

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fineberg NA, Gale TM (2005) Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 8: 107–129

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fireman B, Koran LM, Leventhal JL, Jacobson A (2001) The prevalence of clinically recognized obsessive-compulsive disorder in a large health maintenance organization. Am J Psychiatry 158: 1904–1910

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foa EB, Kozak MJ (1995) DSM-IV field trial. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 152: 90–96

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foa EB, Steketee GS, Ozarow BJ (1985) Behavior therapy with obsessive-compulsives. From theory to treatment. In: Mavissakalian MR, Turner SM, Michelson L (eds) Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Psychological and pharmacological treatment. Plenum, New York, pp 49–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Foa EB, Liebowitz MR, Kozak MJ et al. (2005) Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder by exposure and ritual prevention, clomipramine, and their combination: A randomized, placebo controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry162: 151–161

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freud S (1908) Charakter und Analerotik (Gesammelte Werke, Bd 7; Fischer, Frankfurt am Main, 1966 ff.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Froomhold K (2006) Zwang und Schizophrenie. Eine kritische Literaturubersicht. Fortschr Neurol Psychiat 74: 32–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gabbard GO (1992) Psychodynamic psychiatry in the »decade of the brain«. Am J Psychiatry 149: 991–998

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gabbard GO (2005) Psychodynamic psychiatry n clinical practice. 4th ed. American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Gittelson NL (1966) The fate of obsessions in depressive psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 112: 705–708

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman WK (1992) Pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. In: Hand I, Goodman WK, Evers U (eds) Obsessive-compulsive disorders. Duphar Med Communication. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, pp 142–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA et al. (1989) The Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale. I. Development, use, and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46: 1006–1011

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman WK, McDougle CJ, Lawrence HP et al. (1990) Beyond the serotonin hypothesis: A role of dopamine in some forms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 51(Suppl): 36–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman WK, Ward HE, Murphy TK (1998) Biologic approaches to treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Annals 28: 641–649

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin D, Guze S, Robins E (1969) Follow-up of studies in obsessional neuroses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 10: 182–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Grabe HJ, Meyer C, Hapke U et al. (2000) Prevalence, quality of life and psychosocial functioning in obsessive-compulsive disorder and subclinical obsessive-compulsive disorder in northern Germany. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 250: 262–268

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg BD, Li Q, Lucas FR et al. (2000) Association between the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism and personality traits in a primarily female population sample. Am J Med Genet 96: 202–216

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greisberg S, McKay D (2003) Neuropsychology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A review and treatment implications. Clin Psychol Rev 23: 95–117

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greist JH, Jefferson JW, Kobak KA et al. (1995) Efficacy of drug treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A metaanalytic review. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52: 53–60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hand I (1995) Ambulante Verhaltenstherapie bei Zwangsstörungen. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 63(Sonderheft): 12–18

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanna GL, Himle JA, Curtis GC, Gillespie BW (2005) A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder with pediatric probands. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 134: 13–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasler G, LaSalle-Ricci VH, Ronquillo JG et al. (2005) Obsessive-compulsive disorder symptom dimensions show specific relationships to psychiatric comorbidity. Psychiatry Res 135: 121–1332

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hemmings AMJ, Stein DJ (2006) The current status of association studies in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 29: 411–444

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hettema JM, Neale MC, Kendler KS (2001) A review and meta-analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry 158: 1568–1578

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoekstra PJ, Minderaa RB (2005) Tic disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder: Is autoimmunity involved? Int Rev Psychiatry 17: 497–502

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann N (1998) Zwänge und Depressionen. Pierre Janet und die Verhaltenstherapie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio

    Google Scholar 

  • Hohagen F, Winkelmann G, Rasche-Räuchle H et al. (1998) Combination of behaviour therapy with fluvoxamine in comparison with behaviour therapy and placebo. Br J Psychiatry 173(Suppl 35): 71–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollander E (1993) Obsessive-compulsive related disorders. American Psychiatric Press, Washington/DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollander E, DeCaria C, Nitescu A et al. (1992) Serotonergic function in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to oral m-chlorophenylpiperazine and fluramine in patients and healthy volunteers. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49: 21–28

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hollander E, Greenwald S, Nelville D et al. (1996) Uncomplicated and comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder in an epidemiologic sample. Depress Anxiety 4: 111–119

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hollander E, Stein D, Kwon J et al. (1998) Psychosocial function and economic costs of obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectrums 3: 48–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollander E, Wong CM (1995) Introduction. Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 56: 3–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horwarth E, Weissman MM (2000) The epidemiology and cross-national presentation of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 23: 493–507

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huber G (1966) Reine Defektsyndrome und Basisstadien endogener Psychosen. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 34: 409–426

    Google Scholar 

  • Insel TR, Akiskal HS (1986) Obsessive-compulsive disorder with psychotic features: A phenomenologic analysis. Am J Psychiatry 143: 1527–1533

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacob CB, Strobel A, Hohenberger K et al. (2004) Association between allelic variation of serotonin transporter function and neuroticism in anxious cluster C personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry 161: 569–572

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janet P (1908) Les obsessions et la psychasthenie, 2nd edn. Paris, Baillière

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaspers K (1913, 91973) Allgemeine Psychopathologie, 9. Aufl. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Jefferson JW, Greist JH (1996) The pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Annals 26: 202–209

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenike MA (1990) Approaches to the patient with treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 51: 15–21

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jenike MA (1998) Neurosurgical treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry 173(Suppl 35): 79–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Joffee RT, Swinson RP, Regan JJ (1988) Personality features of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 145: 1127–1129

    Google Scholar 

  • Joraschky P (1996) Zur analytischen Psychotherapie bei Zwangskranken. In: Nissen G (Hrsg) Zwangserkrankungen — Prävention und Therapie. Huber, Bern Göttingen Toronto Seattle, S 53–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Jurado MA, Junque C, Vallejo J, Salgado P (2001) Impairment of incidental memory for frequency in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 30: 213–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kapfhammer HP (1998) Psychotherapie und Pharmakotherapie. Eine Übersicht zur Kombinationsbehandlung bei neurotischen und Persönlichkeitsstörungen. Psychotherapeut 43: 331–351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan AH (1987) Obsessive compulsive phenomena in adult obsessionality, compulsive personality disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder (neurosis). Psychiatr J Univ Ottawa 12: 214–221

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karno M, Golding J (1991) Obsessive compulsive disorder. In: Robins LN, Regier DA (eds) Psychiatric disorders in America. Free Press, New York, pp 204–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Karno M, Golding JM, Sorenson SB, Burnam A (1998) The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45: 1094–1099

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy B, Schwab J (1997) Utilization of medical specialists by anxiety disorder patients. Psychosomatics 38: 109–112

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kobak KA, Greist JH, Jefferson JW et al. (1998) Behavioral versus pharmacological treatments of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis. Psychopharmacol 136: 205–216

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koran LM, Gamel NN, Choung HW et al. (2005) Mirtazapine for obsessive-compulsive disorder: An open trial followed by double-blind discontinuation. J Clin Psychol 65: 515–520

    Google Scholar 

  • Koran LM, Aboujaoude E, Ward H et al. (2006) Pulse-loaded intravenous clomipramine in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 26: 79–83

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kordon A, Kahl KG, Broocks A et al. (2005) Clinical outcome in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder after discontinuation from SRI treatment: Results from a 2-year follow-up. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 255: 48–50

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kordon A, Leplow B, Hohagen F (2006) Zwangsstörungen. In: Förstl H, Hautzinger M, Roth G (Hrsg) Neurobiologie psychischer Störungen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, 545–575

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kozak MJ, Foa EB (1994) Obessions, overvalued ideas, and delusions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther 32: 343–353

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lang H (1981) Zur Frage des Zusammenhangs zwischen Zwang und Schizophrenie. Nervenarzt 52: 643–648

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lang H (2006) Zwangsneurose. In: Böker H (Hrsg) Psychoanalyse und Psychiatre. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, 103–113

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lauter H (1962) Die anankastische Depression. Arch Psychiatr Z Ges Neurol 203: 433–451

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leckman J, Grice D, Boardman J et al. (1997) Symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 154: 911–917

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leckman JF, Kim YS (2006) A primary candidate gene for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63: 717–720

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leckman JF, Grice D, Barr L et al. (1994 a) Tic-related vs. non-tic-related obsessive-compulsive disorder. Anxiety 1: 208–215

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leckman JF, Walker DE, Goodman WK et al. (1994 b) »Just right« perceptions associated with compulsive behavior in Tourette’s syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 151: 675–680

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leib PT (2001) Integrating behaviour modification and pharmacotherapy with the psychoanalytic treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A case study. Psa Inquiry 21: 222–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leonard H, Lenane M, Swedo S et al. (1992) Tics and Tourette’s disorder: A 2-to 7-year follow-up of 54 obsessive-compulsive disorder children. Am J Psychiatry 149: 1244–1251

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis A (1936) Problems of obsessional illness. Proc Royal Soc Med 29: 13–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Lougee L, Perlmutter SJ, Nicholson R et al. (2000) Psychiatric disorders in first degree relatives of children with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39: 1120–1126

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald PA, Anthony MM, Macleod CM, Richter MA (1997) Memory and confidence in memory judgements among individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorders and non-clinical controls. Behav Res Ther 35: 497–505

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malan D (1979) Individual psychotherapy and the science of psychodynamics. Butterworths, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Mallet RT, Mesnage V, Houeto JL et al. (2002) Compulsions, Parkinson’s disease, and stimulation. Lancet 360: 1302–1304

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marazziti D, Zohar J, Cassano GB (1994) Biological dissection of obsessive compulsive disorder. In: Hollander E, Zohar J, Marazziti D, Olivier B (eds) Current insights in obsessive compulsive disorder. Wiley, Chichester, pp 149–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks IM (1987) Fears, phobia and rituals. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks IM (1997) Behaviour therapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. A decade of progress. Can J Psychiatry 42: 1021–1027

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mataix-Cols D (2006) Deconstructing obsessive-compulsive disorder: A multidimensional perspective. Curr Opin Psychiatry 19: 84–89

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mataix-Cols D, van den Heuvel OA (2006) Common and distinct neural correlates of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am 29: 391–410

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mataix-Cols D, Rauch SL, Baer L et al. (2002) Symptom stability in adult obsessive-compulsive disorder: Data from a naturalistic two-year follow-up study. Am J Psychiatry 159: 263–268

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mataix-Cols D, Rosario-Campos MC, Leckman JF (2005) A multidimensional model of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 162: 228–238

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mataix-Cols D, Wooderson S, Lawrence N et al. (2004) Distinct neural correlates of washing, checking, and hoarding symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 164: 564–576

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDougle C, Price L, Volkmar F et al. (1992) Clomipramine in autism: Preliminary evidence of efficacy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31: 746–750

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDougle CJ (1997) Update on pharmacologic management of OCD: Agents and augmentation. J Clin Psychiatry 58(Suppl 12): 11–17

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKay D, Abramowitz JS, Calamari JE et al. (2004) A critical evaluation of obsessive-compulsive disorder subtypes: Symptoms versus mechanisms. Clin Psychol Rev 24: 283–313

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Micallef J, Blin O (2001) Neurobiology and clinical pharmacology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clin Neuropharmacol 24: 191–207

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miguel EC, Leckman JF, Rauch S et al. (2005) Obsessive-compulsive disorder phenotypes: Implications for genetic studies. Mol Psychiatry 10: 258–275

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mindus P, Rauch SL, Nyman H et al. (1994) Capsulotomy and cingulotomy as treatments for malignant obsessive compulsive disorder: An update. In: Hollander E, Zohar J, Marazziti D, Oliver B (eds) Current insights in obsessive compulsive disorder. Wiley & Sons, Chichester New York Brisbane Toronto Singapore, pp 246–276

    Google Scholar 

  • Mowrer OH (1947) On the dual nature of learning — a re-interpretation of »conditioning« and »problem solving«. Harvard Educ Rev 17: 102–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller CH (1953) Der Übergang von Zwangsneurose in Schizophrenie im Lichte der Katamnese. Schweiz Arch Neurol Psychiatr 72: 218–225

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy T, Goodman W, Fudge M et al. (1997) B lymphocyte antigen D8/17: A peripheral marker for childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette’s syndrome? Am J Psychiatry 154: 402–407

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy TK, Sajid MW, Goodman WK (2006) Immunology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 29: 445–469

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Myers JK, Weissman MM, Tischler GL et al. (1984) Six month prevalence of psychiatric disorders in three communities 1980 to 1982. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41: 959–967

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neziroglu F, Anemone R, Yaryura-Tobias J (1992) Onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder in pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry 150: 1131–1132

    Google Scholar 

  • Neziroglu F, Henricksen J, Yaryura-Tobis JA (2006) Psychotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder and spectrum: Established facts and advances, 1995–2005. Psychiatr Clin North Am 29: 585–604

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pallanti S, Quercioli L, Koran LM (2002) Citalopram infusions in resistant obsessive compulsive disorder: An open trial. J Clin Psychiatry 63: 796–801

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pauls D, Alsobrook J, Goodman W et al. (1986) Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence supporting a genetic relationship. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43: 1180–1182

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pauls D, Alsobrook J, Goodman W et al. (1995) A family study of obsessive compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 152: 76–84

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perlmutter SJ, Garvey MA, Castellanos X et al. (1998) Therapeutic plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin for obsessive-compulsive disorder and tic disorders in childhood. Lancet 354:1153–1158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phelps NJ, Cates ME (2005) The role of venlafaxine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Ann Pharmacother 39: 136–140

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips ML, Marks IM, Senior C et al. (2000) A differential neural response in obsessive-compulsive patients with washing compared with checking symptoms to disgust. Psychol Med 30: 1037–1050

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pigott TA, Zohar J, Hill JL et al. (1991) Metergoline blocks the behavioral and neuroendocrine effects of orally administered m-chlorphenylpiperazine in patients with obsessive-compuslive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 29: 418–426

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinard G (2006) The pharmacologic and psychological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Can J Psychiatry 51: 405–406

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pittenger C, Krystal JH, Coric V (2006) Glutamate-modulating drugs as novel pharmacotherapeutic agents in obsessive-compulsive disorder. NeuroRx 3: 69–81

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pujol J, Soriano-Mas C, Alonso P et al. (2004) Mapping structural brain alterations in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61: 720–730

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quint H (1987) Die kontradepressive Funktion des Zwanges. Forum Psychoanal 3: 40–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Quint H (1988) Die Zwangsneurose aus psychoanalytischer Sicht. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabheru K, Persad E (1997) A review of continuation and maintenance electroconvulsive therapy. Can J Psychiatry 42: 476–484

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rachman S, Hodgson RJ (1980) Obsessions and compulsions. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapoport JL (1990) The waking nightmare: An overview of obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 51(Suppl 11): 25–28

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen SA (1986) Obsessive-compulsive disorder in dermatologic practice. J Am Acad Dermatol 13: 965–967

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen SA, Eisen JL (1988) Clinical and epidemiological findings of significance to neuropharmacologic trials in OCD. Psychopharmacol Bull 24: 466–470

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen SA, Eisen JL (1992) The epidemiology and differential diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder. In: Hand I, Goodman WK, Evers U (eds) Obsessive-compulsive disorders. Duphar Med Communication. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, pp 2–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen SA, Tsuang MT (1986) Clinical characteristics and family history in DSM-III obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 143: 317–322

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rauch SL, Savage CR, Alpert NM et al. (1997) Probing striatal function in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A PET study of implicit sequence learning. J Neuropsychiatry 9: 568–573

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rauch SL, Dougherty D, Shin LM et al. (1998) Neural correlates of factor-analyzed OCD symptom dimensions: A PET study. CNS Spectr 3: 37–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Rauch SL, Dougherty DD, Cosgrove GR et al. (2001) Cerebral metabolic correlates as potential predictors of response to anterior cingulotomy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 50: 659–667

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rauch SL, Shin LM, Wright CI (2003) Neuroimaging studies of amygdala function in anxiety disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 985: 389–410

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reinecker HS (1991) Zwänge. Diagnose, Theorien und Behandlung. Huber, Bern Göttingen Toronto

    Google Scholar 

  • Robins LN, Helzer JE, Weissman MM et al. (1984) Lifetime prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in three sites. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41: 949–958

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rufer M, Hand I, Alsleben H et al. (2005) Long-term course and outcome of obsessive-compulsive patients after cognitive-behavioral therapy in combination with either fluvoxamine or placebo. Eur Arch Psyhiatry Clin Neurosci 255: 121–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sachdev PS, McBride R, Loo CK et al. (2001) Right versus left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A preliminary investigation. J Clin Psychiatry 62: 981–984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salkovskis PM (1996) Cognitive-behavioural approaches to the understanding of obsessional problems. In: Rapee R (ed) Current controversies in the anxiety disorders. Guilford, New York, pp 103–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Salkovskis PM, Forrester E, Richards C (1998) Cognitive-behavioural approach to understanding obsessional thinking. Br J Psychiatry 173(Suppl 35): 53–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Samuels J, Nestadt G, Bienvenu OJ et al. (2000) Personality disorders and normal personality dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry 177: 457–462

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarwer-Foner GJ (1987) The use of psychopharmacology in obsessive-compulsive disorders. Psychiatr J Univ Ottawa 12: 197–202

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saxena S, Rauch SL (2000) Functional neuroimaging and neuroanatomy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 23: 563–586

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saxena S, Brody AL, Schwartz JM, Baxter LR (1998) Neuroimaging and frontal-subcortical circuitry in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry 173(Suppl 35): 26–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Saxena S, Bota RG, Brody AL (2001) Brain-behavior relationships in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Sem Clin Neuropsychiatry 6: 82–101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saxena S, Maidment KM, Vapnik T et al. (2002) Obsessive-compulsive hoarding: Symptom severity and response to multimodal treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 63: 21–27

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saxena S, Brody AL, Maidment KM et al (2004) Cerebral glucose metabolism in obsessive-compusive hoarding. Am J Psychiatry 161: 1038–1048

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schienle A, Schafer A, Stark R et al. (2005) Neural responses of OCD patients to disorder-relevant, generally disgusting-inducing and fear-inducing pictures. Int J Psychophysiol 57: 69–77

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider K (1967) Klinische Psychopathologie, 8. Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz JM (1998) Neuroanatomical aspects of cognitive-behavioural therapy response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. An evolving perspective on brain and behaviour. Br J Psychiatry 173(Suppl 35): 38–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapira NA, Liu Y, He Ag et al. (2003) Brain activating by disgust-inducing pictures in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 54: 751–756

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro D (1965) Neurotic Styles. Basic Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro D (1981) Rigidity and autonomy. Basic Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Silvestre J, Aronowitz BR (1997) Behavioral treatment of OCD. In: Hollander E, Stein DJ (eds) Obsessive-compulsive disorders. Diagnosis, etiology, treatment. Dekker, New York, pp 225–255

    Google Scholar 

  • Sims (2003) Symptoms in the mind. An introduction to descriptive psychopathology, 3rd edn. Saunders, London Philadelphia Toronto Sydney Tokio

    Google Scholar 

  • Skoog G, Skoog I (1999) A 40-year follow-up of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56: 121–127

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snider LA, Lougee L, Slattery M et al. (2005) Antibiotic prophylaxis with azithromycin and penicillin for childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorders. Biol Psychiatry 57: 788–792

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soomro GM (2006) Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clin Evid 15: 1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein DJ, Liu Y, Shapira NA, Goodman WK (2001) The psychobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: How important is the role of disgust? Curr Psychiatry Rep 3: 281–287

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steketee G, Frost R (2003) Compulsive hoarding: Current status of the research. Clin Psychol Rev 23: 905–927

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steketee G, Quay S, White K (1991) Religion and guilt in OCD patients. J Anxiety Dis 5: 359–367

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steketee G, Eisen, J, Dyck I et al. (1997) Course of illness in OCD. In: Dickstein L, Riba M, Oldham J (eds) Review of psychiatry, vol 16. American Psychiatric Press, Washington/DC, pp 732–795

    Google Scholar 

  • Stengel E (1945) A study on some clinical aspects of the relationship between obsessional neurosis and psychotic reaction types. J Ment Sci 91: 166–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens KP, Hoffman H, Hsia C (1998) Sensory-motor aspects of obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectrums 3: 31–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoll AL, Tohen M, Baldessarini RJ (1992) Increasing frequency of the diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 149: 638–640

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summerfeldt L, Antony M, Downie F et al. (1997) Prevalence of particular obsessions and compulsions in a clinic sample. In: Swinson R, Antony M, Rachman S, Richter M (eds) OCD: Theory, research and treatment. Guilford, New York, pp 7–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Swedo SE, Rapoport JL, Leonard H et al. (1989) Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46: 335–341

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swedo SE, Leonhard HL, Kiessling LS (1994) Speculations on antineuronal antibody-mediated neuropsychiatric disorders of childhood. Pediatrics 93: 323–326

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tallis F (1997) The neuropsychology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A review and consideration of clinical implications. Br J Clin Psychology 36: 3–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomsen P (1995) Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: Predictors in childhood for long-term phenomenological course. Acta Psychiatr Scand 92: 255–259

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Ameringen M, Mancini C, Patterson B, Bennett M (2006) Topiramate augmentation in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A retrospective, open-label case series. Depress Anxiety 23: 1–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Balkom AJ, de Haan E, van Oppen P et al. (1998) Cognitive and behavioral therapies alone versus in combination with fluvoxamine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 186: 492–499

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vhythilingum B, Cartwright C, Hollander E (2000) Pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Experience with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Int Clin Psychopharm 15(Suppl 2): S7–S13

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren R, Thomas JC (2001) Cognitive-behavior therapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder in private praxis: An effectiveness study. J Anxiety Disord 15: 277–285

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss M, Baerg E, Wisebord S et al. (1995) The influence of gonadal hormones on periodicity of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Can J Psychiatry 40: 205–207

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weissman MM, Bland RC, Canino GJ et al. (1994) The cross national epidemiology of obsessive compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 55(Suppl): 5–10

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Welner A, Reich T, Robins E et al. (1976) Obsessive-compulsive neurosis: Record, follow up and family studies, I. Inpatients record study. Compr Psychiatry 17: 527–539

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westphal K (1877) Über Zwangsvorstellungen. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 8: 734–750

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams KE, Koran LM (1997) Obsessive-compulsive disorder in pregnancy, the puerperium, and the premenstruum. J Clin Psychiatry 58: 330–334

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wittchen HU, Nelson CB, Lachner G (1998) Prevalence of mental disorders and psychosocial impairments in adolescents and young adults. Psychol Med 28: 109–126

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodruff F, Pitts F (1963) Monozygotic twins with obsessional illness. Am J Psychiatry 120: 1075–1080

    Google Scholar 

  • Yaryura-Tobias JA, Campisi T, McKay D, Neziroglu F (1995) Schizophrenia and obsessive compuslive disorder: Shared aspects of pathology. Neurol Psychiatr Brain Res 3: 143–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Yaryura-Tobias JA, Stevens KP, Neziroglu F (1997) Motor disturbances in the obsessive-compulsive disorder and its spectrum. Neurol Psychiatr Brain Res 5: 79–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Yaryura-Tobis JA, Neziroglu F (1997) Obsessive-compulsive disorder spectrum. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaudig M, Hauke W, Hegerl U (Hrsg) (1998) Die Zwangsstörung. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Zohar J, Insel TR (1987) Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Psychobiological approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and pathophysiology. Biol Psychiatry 22: 667–687

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zohar J, Insel TR (1988) Diagnosis and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Annals 18: 168–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Zohar J, Mueller E, Insel TR et al. (1987) Serotonergic responsivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Comparison of patients and healthy controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44: 946–951

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zohar J, Insel TR, Zohar KR et al. (1988) Serotonergic responsivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Effects of chronic clomipramine treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45: 167–172

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zohar J, Gross-Isserhoff R, Hermesh H, Weizman A (1999) Is there sexual dimorphism in obsessive-compulsive disorder? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 23: 845–849

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Klinik für Psychiatrie, Medizinische Universität Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036, Graz, Österreich

    Prof. Dr. Dr. H. -P. Kapfhammer

Authors
  1. Prof. Dr. Dr. H. -P. Kapfhammer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Nußbaumstr. 7, 80336, München

    Hans-Jürgen Möller

  2. Inn-Salzach-Klinikum Wasserburg a. Inn · Rosenheim · Freilassing Fachkrankenhaus für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie, Psychosomatische Medizin und Neurologie Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Gabersee 7, 83512, Wasserburg am Inn

    Gerd Laux

  3. Klinik für Psychiatrie, Medizinische Universität Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036, Graz, Österreich

    Hans-Peter Kapfhammer

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2008 Springer Medizin Verlag Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kapfhammer, H.P. (2008). Zwangsstörung. In: Möller, HJ., Laux, G., Kapfhammer, HP. (eds) Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-33129-2_59

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-33129-2_59

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-24583-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-33129-2

  • eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation