Skip to main content

Surgical Strategy for Complex Craniofacial Fractures

  • Chapter
  • 2257 Accesses

Abstract

As a rule, severe combined skull base and facial injuries are high-velocity traumas, which often result in multifragmental fractures of the skull base with intracranial dislocation of bone fragments, dural tears with subsequent liquorrhea and brain tissue herniation. Extensive intracranial injuries and disfiguring facial fractures often lead to severe functional deficiencies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ayliffe P, Ward-Booth P (2003). Nasoethmoid fractures. In: P Ward-Booth, BL Eppley, R Schmelzeisen (eds), Maxillofacial trauma and aesthetic facial reconstruction. Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh, pp 215–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker NJ, Evans BT, Neil-Dwyer G, Lang DA (1999). The surgical managment of craniofacial trauma. In: P Ward-Booth, SA Schendel, J Hausamen (eds), Maxillofacial surgery. Harcourt Brace: London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker NJ, Evans BT, Neil-Dwyer G, Lang DA (2003). Frontal sinus fractures. In: P Ward-Booth, BL Eppley, R Schmelzeisen (eds), Maxillofacial trauma and aesthetic facial reconstruction. Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh, pp 63–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowles AP, Anand VK (1998). Cranioorbital approach. In: PJ Donald (ed), Surgery of the skull base. Lippincott-Raven: Philadelphia, pp 263–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chuong R, Kaban LB (1986). Fractures of the zygomatic complex. J Oral Maxillofac Sur 44, 4: 283–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deinsberger W, Juedicke A, Boeker DK (1998). Rekonstruktion der vorderen Schädelbasis mit einem Titanmikrogitter. In: R Schmelzle (ed), Schädelbasischirurgie. Al-Budoor Verlag: Damaskus, pp 92–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dempf R, Schierle HP, Schliephake H, Gockeln R, Thiele J (1998). Autogene Knochentransplantate zur Versorgung traumatischer frontoorbitaler Defekte Funktionelle und ästhetische Ergebnisse in 42 Fällen. In: R Schmelzle (ed), Schädelbasischirurgie. Al-Budoor: Damaskus, pp 192–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donald PJ (1986). Frontal sinus fracture. In: CW Cummings, JM Fedrickson, LA Harker, CJ Krause, DE Schuller (eds), Otolaryngology - Head and neck surgery. Mosby: St. Louis, pp 901–921.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donald PJ (1994). Frontobasal approach for trauma and tumor. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 37, 2: 37–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donald PJ (1998a). Surgery of the skull base (1 ed). Lippincott-Raven: Philadelphia, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donald PJ (1998b). Transfacial approach. In: PJ Donald (ed), Surgery of the skull base. Lippincott-Raven: Philadelphia New York, pp 165–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donald PJ, Bernstein L (1978). Compound frontal sinus injuries with intracranial penetration. Laryngoscope 88, 2: 225–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donald PJ, Ettin M (1986). The safety of frontal sinus obliteration when sinus walls are missing. Laryngoscope 96: 190–193.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duvall AJ, Foster CA, Lyons DP, Letson RD (1981). Medial canthoplasty: early and delayed repair. Laryngoscope 91, 2: 173–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duvall AJ, Porto DP, Lyons D, Boies LR (1987). Frontal sinus fractures. Analysis of treatment results. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 113, 9: 933–935.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elies W (1982). Zum gegenwärtigen Stand der Rhinobasis­chirurgie. Laryngol Rhinol Otol 61: 42–47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis E (1993). Sequencing treatment for naso-orbito-ethmoid fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 51, 5: 543–558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrenfeld M, Mast G, Keiner S, Heiss E (1996). Frakturen der Stirnhöhlenwände und der Frontobasis Drainage, Obliteration Kranialisation oder abwartendes Verhalten. In: JE Hausamen, R Schmelzeisen (eds), Traumatologie der Schädelbasis. Einhorn: Reinbeck, pp 98–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ernst A, Herzog M, Saidl RO (2004). Traumatologie des Kopf-Hals-Bereiches. Thieme: Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans BT, Lang DA, Neil-Dwyer G (1996). Current management of craniofacial trauma. In: JD Palmer (ed), Neurosurgery. Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewers R, Wild K, Wild M, Ensilidis G (1995). Traumatologie. In: JE Hausamen, E Machtens, J Reuther (eds), Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie. Springer: Berlin Heidelberg, pp 211–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fonseca RJ (2000). Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea and otorrhea. In: RJ Fonseca (ed), Oral and maxillofacial surgery (vol 3). Saunders, Philadelphia London Toronto Montreal Sydney Tokyo, pp 187–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fonseca RJ, Walker RV (1991). Oral and maxillofacial trauma (vol 1). Saunders: Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gellrich NC, Schramm A, Schmelzeisen R (2003). Clinical application of computer-assisted reconstruction in complex posttraumatic deformities. In: P Ward-Booth, BL Eppley, R Schmelzeisen (eds), Maxillofacial trauma and aesthetic facial reconstruction. Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh, pp 215–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giuliani G, Anile C, Massarelli M, Maira G (1997). Management of complex craniofacial traumas. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofacial 98, 1: 100–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Godbersen GS, Kügelgen C (1998). Operative Versorgung von Duraverletzungen nach Stirnhöhlenwandfraktur. In: R Schmelzle (ed), Schädelbasischirurgie. Al-Budoor: Damaskus, pp 187–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg AM, Prein J (2002). Craniomaxillofacial reconstructive and corrective bone surgery. Springer: New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gruss JS (1982). Fronto-naso-orbital trauma. Clin Plast Surg 9, 4: 577–589.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruss JS (1986). Complex nasoethmoid-orbital and midfacial fractures: Role of craniofacial surgical techniques and immediate bone grafting. Ann Plast Surg 17, 5: 377–390.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gruss JS (1990). Complex craniomaxillofacial trauma: Evolving concepts in management. A trauma unit’s experience. J Trauma 30, 4: 377–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruss JS (1992). Rigid fixation of nasoethmoid-orbital fractures. In: M Yaremchuk, JS Gruss, PN Manson (eds), Rigid fixation of the craniomaxillofacial skeleton. Butterworth-Heinemann: London, pp 283–301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruss JS, Bubak PJ, Egbert M (1992). Craniofacial fractures: an algorithm to optimize resuits. Clin Plast Surg 19: 195–206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gruss JS, Hurwitz JJ, Nik NA, Kassel EE (1985). The pattern and incidence of nasolacrimal injury in naso-orbital-ethmoid fractures: the role of delayed assessment and dacryocystorhinostomy. Br J Plast Surg 38, 1: 116–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gruss JS, McKinnon SE (1986). Complex maxillary fractures: role of buttress reconstruction and immediate bone grafts. Plast Reconstr Surg 78, 1: 9–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gruss JS, Phillips JH (1989). Complex facial trauma: the evolving role of rigid fixation and immediate bone graft reconstruction. Clin Plast Surg 16, 1: 93–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruss JS, Phillips JH (1992). Rigid fixation of le Fort maxillary fractures in rigid fixation of the craniomaxillofacial skeleton. Butterworth-Heinemann: London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruss JS, Pollock RA, Phillips JH, Antonyshyn O (1989). Combined injuries of the cranium and face. Br J Plast Surg 42, 4: 385–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gruss JS, Van Wyck L, Phillips JH, Astonishing O (1990). The importance of the zygomatic arch in complex midfacial fracture repair and correction of posttraumatic orbitozygomatic deformities. Plast Reconstr Surg 85, 6: 878–890.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gruss JS, Whelan MF, Rand RP, Ellenbogen RG (1999). Lessons learnt from the management of 1500 complex facial fractures. Ann Acad Med Singapore 28, 5: 677–686.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haerle F, Champy M, Terry BC (1999). Atlas of craniomaxillofacial osteosynthesis. Thieme: Stuttgart, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammer B (2001). Secondary corrections of posttraumatic deformities after naso-orbital-ethmoidal fractures: An invited technique. J Cranio-Maxillofacial Trauma 7, 1: 44–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammer B, (1995). Orbital fractures. Diagnosis, operative treatment, secondary corrections. Hogreve and Huber, Bern.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammer B, Prein J (1998). Naso-orbital-ethmoid fractures. In: J Prein (ed), Manual of internal fixation in the cranio-facial skeleton. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 127–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardt N, Gottsauner A, Sgier F (1994). Results of various reconstructive procedures in defects of the fronto-facial area. Fortschr Kiefer Gesichtschir 39: 47–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hardt N, Sgier F, Gottsauner A (1992). Techniken der Rekonstruktion kraniofazialer Frakturen und Defekte. In: HF Sailer, N Hardt (eds), Swiss Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 13, 12: 7–16 F.Wüst, Küsnacht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hausamen JE, Schierle HP (2000). Gesichtsschädelverletzungen. In: O Trentz (eds), Tscherne - Unfallchirurgie (vol 1) Kopf und Körperhöhlen. Springer: Berlin, pp 126–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayward JR, Scott RF (1993). Fractures of the mandibular condyle. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 51, 1: 57–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman HT, Krause CJ (1991) Traumatic injuries to the frontal sinus. In: RJ Fonseca, RV Walker (eds), Oral and maxillofacial trauma (vol 1). Saunders: Philadelphia, pp 576–599.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hybels RL (1977). Posterior table fractures: Clinical aspects. Laryngoscope 87: 1740–1745.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imhof HG (2000). Das Schädel-Hirn-Trauma. In: O Trentz (ed), Tscherne - Unfallchirurgie (vol 1) Kopf und Körperhöhlen. Springer: Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ioannides C, Freihofer HP, Vries J, Friens J (1993). Fractures of the frontal sinus: a rationale of treatment. Br J Plast Surg 46, 3: 208–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ioannides C, Treffers W, Rutten M, Noverraz P (1988). Ocular injuries associated with fractures involving the orbit. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 16, 4: 157–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson IT (1989). Classification and treatment of orbitozygomatic and orbitoethmoid fractures. The place of bone grafting and plate fixation. Clin Plast Surg 16, 1: 77–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson IT, Helden G, Marx R (1986). SkuIl bone graft in maxillofacial and craniofacial surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 44: 949.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen J, Sindet-Pedersen S, Christensen L (1992). Rigid fixation in reconstruction of craniofacial fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 50, 6: 550–554.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joos U, Gilsbach J, Otten JE (1989). Thirteen years’ experience with stable osteosynthesis of craniofacial fractures. Neurosurg Rev 12: 88–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joos U, Gilsbach J (1991). Therapie von Liquorfisteln bei Mittelgesichtsfrakturen. Fortschr Kiefer-Gesichtschir 36: 136–138. Thieme: Stuttgart, New York

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joss U, Piffko J, Meyer U (2001). Behandlung von frontobasalen Traumen und Polytraumen. Mund Kiefer Gesichts Chir 5: 86–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly KJ, Manson PN, Vander Kolk CA, Markowitz BL, Dunham CM, Rumley TO et al (1990). Sequencing le Fort fracture treatment (organization of treatment for a panfacial fracture). J Craniofac Surg 1, 4: 168–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessel FK, Guttmann L, Maurer G (1971). Neurotraumatologie mit Einschluss der Grenzgebiete (vol I). Urban und Schwarzenberg: München, Berlin Wien.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krafft T, Spitzer WJ, Farmand M, Laumer R, Seyer H (1991). Results of combination neurosurgical and orofacial surgery of fronto-maxillary fractures. Fortschr Kiefer Gesichtschir 36: 54–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuttenberger JJ, Hardt N (2001). Long-term results following reconstruction of cranio facial defects with titanium micro-mesh systems. Craniomaxillofac Surg 29: 75–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laedrach K, Raveh J, Iizuka T (1999). Reconstruction of the midface and fronto-orbital region following tumor resection and trauma. In: AJ Maniglia, FJ Stucker, DW Stepnick (eds), Surgical reconstruction of the face and the anterior skull base (1st edn). Saunders: Philadelphia, pp 113–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lange M, Oeckler R, Wustrow TP (1995). Der transfrontale Zugang zur Versorgung frontobasaler Schädel-Hirn-Verletzungen. In: WI Steudel (ed), Transfaziale Zugänge zur Schädelbasis. Einhorn: Reinbek, pp 160–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lappert PW, Lee JW (1998). Treatment of an isolated outer table frontal sinus fracture using endoscopic reduction and fixation. Plast Reconstr Surg 102: 1642–1645.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leipziger LS, Manson PN (1992). Nasoethmoid orbital fractures Current concepts and management principles. Clin Plast Surg 19, 1: 167–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine SB, Rowe LD, Keane WM, Atkins JP (1986). Evaluation and treatment of frontal sinus fractures. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 95, 1: 19–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luce EA (1987). Frontal sinus fractures: Guidelines to management. Plast Reconstr Surg 80, 4: 500–510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Machtens E (1987). Diagnostik und Behandlungsablauf aus Sicht der Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgen. Fortschr Kiefer Gesichtschir 32: 221–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maniglia AJ, Stucker FJ, Stepnick DW (1999). Surgical reconstruction of the face and the anterior skull base (1st edn). Saunders: Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manson PN (1998). Craniofacial fractures. In: J Prein (ed), Manual of internal fixation in the cranio-facial skeleton. Springer: Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 95–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manson PN, Clark N, Robertson B, Crawley WA (1995). Comprehensive management of pan-facial fractures. J Craniomaxillofac Trauma 1, 1: 43–56.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manson PN, Clark N, Robertson B, Slezak S, Wheatly M, Van der Kolk C et al (1999). Subunit principles in midface fractures: The importance of sagittal buttresses, soft-tissue reductions and sequencing treatment of segmental fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg 103, 4: 1287–1306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manson PN, Glassman D, Vanderkolk C, Petty P, Crawley WA (1990). Rigid stabilization of sagittal fractures of the maxilla and palate. Plast Reconstr Surg 85, 5: 711–717.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marchena JM, Johnson JV (2005). Le Fort and palatal fractures. In: GS Stewart (ed), Head, face, and neck trauma. Thieme: New York, pp 77–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markowitz B, Manson PN (1998). Zygomatic complex fractures. In: J Prein (ed), Manual of internal fixation in the craniofacial skeleton. Springer: Berlin, pp 127–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markowitz BL, Manson PN (1989). Panfacial fractures: organization of treatment. Clin Plast Surg 16, 1: 105–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markowitz BL, Manson PN, Sargent L, Vander Kolk CA, Yaremchuk M, Glassman D et al (1991). Management of the medial canthal tendon in nasoethmoid orbital fractures: the importance of the central fragment in classification and treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg 87, 5: 843–853.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mathog RH (1984). Frontoethmoid fractures. In: G Gates (ed), Current therapy in otolaryngology - Head and neck surgery. Decker: Philadelphia, pp 100–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathog RH (1992). Atlas of craniofacial trauma. Saunders: Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathog RH, Arden RL, Marks SC (1995). Trauma of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Thieme: Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • May M, Ogura JH, Schramm V (1970). Nasofrontal duct in frontal sinus fractures. Arch Otolaryngol 92, 6: 534–538.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGraw-Wall B (2005). Sequencing in facial fracture repair. In: GS Stewart (ed), Head, face and neck trauma. Thieme: New York Stuttgart, pp 142–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMahon JD, Koppel DA, Devlin M, Moos KF (2003). Maxillary and panfacial fractures. In: P Ward-Booth, BL Eppley, R Schmelzeisen (eds), Maxillofacial trauma and esthetic facial reconstruction. Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh, pp 215–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merville L (1985). Post-traumatic residual nasal deformities. In: NL Rowe, JL Williams (eds), Maxillofacial injuries (vol II). Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh, pp 785–822.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merville LC, Derome D, de Saint-Jorre G (1983). Fronto-orbito-nasal dislocations. J Maxillofac Surg 11: 71–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moskopp D, Horch C (1996). Simultane Therapie von schweren Mittelgesichtsfrakturen und Frontobasisfrakturen. In: JE Hausamen, R Schmelzeisen (eds), Traumatologie der Schädelbasis. Einhorn: Hamburg, pp 132—134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neidhardt O (2002). Kraniofaziale und frontobasale Schädelverletzungen Retrospektive Nachuntersuchung MKG-Klinik - Kantonspital Luzern Dissertation, Universität Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oeltjen JC, Hollier L (2005). Nasal and naso-orbital ethmoid fractures. In: GS Stewart (ed), Head, face and neck trauma. Thieme: New York Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prein J (1998). Manual of internal fixation in the craniofacial skeleton. Springer: Berlin Heidelberg New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Prein J, Hammer B (1988). Stable internal fixation of midfacial fractures. Facial Plast Surg 5, 3: 221–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prein J, Lüscher N (1998). Anatomic approaches. In: J Prein (ed), Manual of internal fixation in the craniofacial skeleton. Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg New York, 2: 51–56.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Probst C, Tomaschett C (1990). The neurosurgical treatment of traumatic frontobasal spinal fluid fistulas (1982-1986). Akt Traumatol 20, 5: 217–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raveh J, Vuillemin T (1988). The surgical one-stage management of combined cranio-maxillo-facial and frontobasal fractures. Advantages of the subcranial approach in 374 cases. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 16, 4: 160–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raveh J, Laedrach K, Vuillemin T, Zingg M (1992). Management of combined frontonaso-orbital/skull base fractures and telecanthus in 355 cases. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 118, 6: 605–614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richter W (1992). Kopf-und Halsverletzungen. Thieme: Stuttgart, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohrich RJ, Shewmake KB (1992). Evolving concepts of craniomaxillofacial fracture management. Clin Plast Surg 19, 1: 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe NL, Williams JL (1985). Maxillofacial injuries (vol I-II). Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sailer HF, Gratz KW (1991). Treatment concept of severe midfacial fractures in dentulous and edentulous patients. Fortschr Kiefer Gesichtschir 36: 52–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sailer HF, Gratz KW, Kalavrezos ND (1998). Frontal sinus fractures: Principles of treatment and long-term results after sinus obliteration with the use of lyophilized cartilage. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 26, 4: 235–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samii M, Draf W (1989). Surgery of the skull base. An interdisciplinary approach. Springer: Berlin.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Schierle HP, Hausamen JE (1997). Modern principles in treatment of complex injuries of the facial bones. Unfallchirurg 100, 5: 330–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schilli W, Joos U (1991). Behandlung panfazialer Frakturen. Fortschr Kiefer Gesichtschir 36: 36–38.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidek HH, Sweet WH (1988). Operative neurosurgical techniques, indications, methods and results (vol 1). Saunders: Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seidl R, Wilhelm Th, Ernst A, Prochno T, Herzog M (1998). Rekonstruktion der Schädelbasis im Rahmrn komplexer Mittelgesichtstraumen Ein modifiziertes Stufenkonzept der osteosynthetisch-rekonstruktiven Versorgung. In: R Schmelzle (ed), Schädelbasischirurgie. Al Budoor: Damaskus, pp 59–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley RB (1989). Fractures of the frontal sinus. Clin Plast Surg 16, 1: 115–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley RB, Becker TS (1987). Injuries of the nasofrontal orifices in frontal sinus fractures. Laryngoscope 97, 6: 728–731.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart GS (2005). Head, face and neck trauma. Thieme: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoll W (1993). Operative Versorgung frontobasaler Verletzungen (inklusive Orbita) durch den HNO-Chirurgen. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol Suppl 1: 287–307.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan P, Manson PN (1998). Cranial vault. In: J Prein (ed), Manual of internal fixation in the craniofacial skeleton. Springer: Berlin, pp 148–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Theissing J (1996). HNO-Operationslehre (vol 3). Thieme: Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vesper M, Werner HO, Birkenhagen N, Puchner M, Lohmann F, Friedrich R et al (1998). Versorgung von Defekten nach frontoorbitalem Trauma. In: R Schmelzle (ed), Schädel­basischirurgie. Al-Budoor Verlag: Damaskus, pp 205–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vuillemin T, Lädrach K, Raveh J (1988). Craniofacial surgery. Advantages of subcranial procedures in craniofacial surgery. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 98, 8: 859–869.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallis A, Donald PJ (1988). Frontal sinus fractures: a review of 72 cases. Laryngoscope 98, 6: 593–598.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward-Booth P, Eppley BL, Schmelzeisen R (2003). Maxillofacial trauma and aesthetic facial reconstruction. Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weerda H (1995). Traumatologie der Frontobasis und Umgebung, einschliesslich der endokraniellen Komplikationen. In: HH Naumann (ed), Kopf- und Halschirurgie (vol 1: Gesicht, Nase und Gesichtsschädel). Thieme: Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weingart D, Joos U, Moskopp D, Horch S (1996). Simultane Therapie von schweren Mittelgesichtsfrakturen und Frontobasis­frakturen. In: JE Hausamen, R Schmelzeisen (eds), Trauma­tologie der Schädelbasis. Einhorn: Reinbeck, pp 132–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson BC, Davidson B, Corey JP, Haydon RC (1988). Comparison of complications following frontal sinus fractures managed with exploration with or without obliteration over 10 years. Laryngoscope 98, 5: 516–520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe S, Berkowitz S (1989). Plastic surgery of the facial skeleton. Little, Brown: Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe SA, Johnson P (1988). Frontal sinus injuries: Primary care and management of late complications. Plast Reconstr Surg 82, 5: 781–791.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yaremchuk MJ, Gruss JS, Manson PN (1992). Rigid fixation of the cranio-maxillo-facial skeleton. Butterworth-Heinemann: Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zide MF, Kent JN (1983). Indications for open reduction of mandibular condyle fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 41, 2: 89–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hardt, N., Kuttenberger, J. (2010). Surgical Strategy for Complex Craniofacial Fractures. In: Hardt, N., Kuttenberger, J. (eds) Craniofacial Trauma. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-33041-7_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-33041-7_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-33040-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-33041-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics