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References
Louis Leprince-Ringuet, “Louis, Maurice et le laboratoire,” La vie des sciences 9, 325–329 (1992) on p 327; Jean de Pange, Journal, 3 vols. (Grasset, Paris 1964–79), vol 2
Bruce R. Wheaton, The tiger and the shark: Empirical roots of wave particle dualism (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1983), pp 305–306
Albert Einstein, “Über einen Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden hueristischen Gezichtspunkt,” Annalen der Physik 17 (1905), 132–148
A general overview is in Wheaton, Tiger (Ref 2).
Olivier Darrigol, “Strangeness and soundness in Louis de Broglie’s early works,” Physis 30 (1993), 303–372, on p 355; Wheaton, “The laboratory of Maurice de Broglie and the empirical foundations of matter waves,” in Paul Germain, ed, La découverte des ondes de matière (Tech & Doc, Paris 1994), pp 25–40, on p 33; Mary Jo Nye, “Aristocratic culture and the pursuit of science: The de Broglies in modern France,” Isis 88 (1997), 397–421, on p 413. I am indebted to Geoffrey Wheaton for images 3.1 and 3.9 and much else.
An influential German generation from Schelling through Wien, as an outgrowth of Naturphilosophie and Kantian epistemological pedagogy in Germany, rejected material atoms in favor of an “electromagnetic worldview,” constituted of only aether. In this context it was an aberration, certainly worthy of study, but not significantly diverting the monumental course of the atomic river.
Celebrating Louis’s centennial, Georges Lochak contributed his very useful book, Louis de Broglie: Un prince de la science (Flammarion, Paris 1992.) As director of the Louis de Broglie Foundation, M. Lochak rightly wishes to advertise the immense contribution that Louis made to physics. While very valuable, this book contains many undocumented quotations ascribed to Louis and takes little note of prior careful historical literature on the subject. I suggest its use cum grano salis. In answer to his complaint on p. 76, I cite Wheaton, “Le Duc dans la méchanique ondulatoire,” in S. Deligeorges, ed, Le monde quantique (Paris 1985), pp 81–92 and Sciences & avenir, numéro special hors serie 46 (Avril, 1984), 42–47; Olivier Darrigol, “The origin of quantized matter waves,” Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 16, 197–253 (1986). On “Whig history,” see Wheaton, “The last word on science,” History of Geophysics 3, 31–3 (1987).
Student and colleague Jean Guitton describes Louis as imbued with pudeur, modesty almost to a fault: Jean Guitton, “Le duc Louis de Broglie: Témoignage sur l’homme que j’ai connu,” La vie des sciences 9, 331–4 (1992).
Dominique Pestre, Physique et physiciens en France, 1918–1940 (Ed. des archives contemporaines, Paris 1984)
Some of this material appeared in a preliminary discussion before the Académie des Sciences in Paris on the centennial of Louis’s birth in 1992. I was honored to be invited. See Wheaton, Wheaton, “Laboratory” (Ref 5).
The most authoritative family information, assembled by the archivists at the Academy, is in Anatole Abragam, “Louis Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie, 1892–1997” Royal Society of London: Biographical memoires of fellows 34, 22–41 (1988). Hélie Louis Charles de Bourdeille, Généalogie de la branche française de la Maison de Broglie, 1610–1885 (Imp. apprentis orphelins, Paris 1885). Dominique de Broglie, Les Broglie: leur histoire (Ed. Palais Royal, Paris 1972). Nye, “Aristocratic” (Ref 5). Alfred Ruault, Notice historique sur Broglie (Dactylograph, Paris 1937). Jean de la Varende, Les Broglie (Fasquelle, Paris 1950)
Invited by the Pange family to peruse their family archives in Strasbourg, 1979, I was taken aback to have in my unsupervised hands holograph letters from Napoleon Bonaparte to Madam de Staël.
Jesus Ynfante, Un crime sous Giscard: l’affaire de Broglie, lópus Dei, Matesa (Maspero, Paris 1981). Anon., “Assassinat de l’Abbé de Broglie,” Le petit journal 236 (Paris: 26 mai, 1895)
Albert, duc de Broglie, Mémoires du duc de Broglie, 2 vols. (Calmann Levy, Paris 1938)
Gordon Wright, France in modern times: 1760 to the present (Rand Mc-Nally, Chicago 1960), p 284. The Paris Academiciens say it was Charles Victor.
Joris Karl Huysmans, A rebours (Charpentier, Paris 1884), chapter 12.
Charles Dickens, Dombey and son (London: 1867); here a French money lender.
Unfortunately, since its master, as minister for Algerian affairs, was shot to death in the streets of Paris in 1976, the library is no longer available to outsiders.
See Wheaton, “Enlightenment,” The Physics Teacher (in press). Jacques married Augustine, god-daughter of the Duc and daughter of Francois Mérimée, caretaker of the estate. Maurice placed a bronze relief memorial to Fresnel by David d’Angers on the small chapel in Broglie, just off the main square. For Louis’s view see his “La physique moderne et lóeuvre de Fresnel,” Révue de métaphysique et morale 34, 421–40 (1927); “Lóeuvre de Fresnel et l’évolution actuelle de la physique,” Révue dóptique théorique et instrumentale 6, 552–569 (1927).
You can visit this-it is now public parkland.
We owe Mary Jo Nye (“Aristocratic culture,” Ref 5) for her exploration of the intertwining family and financial connections surrounding our story.
[Pauline de Broglie], Comtesse de Pange, Comment j’ai vue 1900, 4 vols. (Grasset, Paris 1960–73), vol 1 (1960)
Louis recalled these dinners with horror. “Every night,” he told Lochak, Louis de Broglie (Ref 7), p 32.
Pauline de Broglie, Comtesse de Pange, Comment j’ai vue 1900, 4 vols. (Grasset, Paris 1960–73), vol 1 1900 (Ref 22). Many of the Paris servants came too, even bringing some of the furniture.
Comtesse Célestine d’ Armaillé, Quand on savait vivre heureux (Plon, Paris 1934)
Auguste and Louis Lumière, “Sur la photographie en couleurs, par la méthode indirecte,” Comptes Rendus 120, 875–876 (1895); for other sources see John Wood, The art of the autochrome: The birth of color photography (University of Iowa Press, Iowa City 1993).
Gérard Denizeau, Musique et arts (Campion, Paris 1995), pp 203–11; Marcel Marnat, Maurice Ravel (Fayard, Paris 1986), chapter 10, “Crépuscule”
After initial designs by Daimler, the automobile developed most sustainably with Lavassor and Peugeot; the first influential race, with a prize of 5000 old francs from Paris to Rouen, was advertised in Le Petite journal (1894) just as Maurice began his naval career. Peter Roberts, Collectors’ history of the automobile (Bonanza, New York 1978); Jean Louis Loubet, Citroen, Pugeot, Renault et les autres (Le Monde, Paris 1995)
Margaret Cheney, Tesla: Man out of time (Dell, New York 1981)
The subtitle of Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The railway journey: The industrialization of space and time in the 19th century (University of California Press, Berkeley 1986)
Maurice de Broglie, “Application des galvanomètres thermiques à l’étude des ondes électriques, récherches faites à bord des bâtiments de guerre,” Comptes Rendus 134, 349–352 (1902)
Grandmother Armaillé’s property, across from the Salle Gaveau, is a veritable castle over 6 stories high and extends north fully to the rue de La Baume. It had a permanent servant complement of over 15. When the Broglies sold it after 1901 it became, and still is, an office building, headquarters today of one of France’s largest banks. The photo in Nye (Ref 5 is only of the porte cochère and hardly indicates its grandeur.
P. de Pange, 1900 (Ref 22), vol 1, pp 173–177
There is some uncertainty about this. Maurice and Pauline refer consistently to 27 on the western corner, Louis (as recalled by Lochak) to 29 on the east. 27 was torn down in the 1970s. 29, shown here, was torn down in 1992, Louis’s centenary.
Quoted by Lochak, Louis de Broglie (Ref 7), p 29
Louis jeune was elegant and handsome. His sister recalled how, on the trip to Stockholm in 1929, he was the attention of many women including Princess Ingrid, later Queen of Denmark.
93, rue Perronet, subsequently, but no longer, the site of the Centre Fondation Louis de Broglie.
And blacked out the final line on p 236. In these passages, de Broglie mentioned his abandonment in 1928 of his theory of the double soultion, his conversion to the indeterminist thesis of Bohr and Heisenberg, and his taking up again of his old ideas along with Bohm and Vigier.
Anatole Abragam, “Louis de Broglie: La grandeur et la solitude,” Recherche 23, 918–23 (1992)
M. de Broglie, Les premiers congrès de physique Solvay et lórientation de la physique depuis 1911 (Michel, Paris 1951)
L. de Broglie, “Allocutions pronocées le 18 Octobre 1972,” Louis de Broglie, sa conception du monde physique (Gauthier, Paris 1973), p 384
L. de Broglie, “Mon itinéraire scientifique,” Un itinéraire scientifique (La découverte, Paris 1987), pp 33–8. Anon., “La mort du physicien Louis de Broglie: Un penseur de la matière,” Le Monde, 13107 (20 mars, 1987), 1, 15
This was unusual. For the usual, see Alphonse Berget, “La sciences,” L’Avenir de la France (Alcan, Paris 1918), 490–508. Terry Shinn, “The French science faculty system, 1808–1914: Institutional change and research potential in mathematics and physical science,” Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 10, 271–332 (1979). Craig Zwerling, “The emergence of the Ecole Normale Supérieur as a centre of scientific education in the 19th century,” in Robert Fox and George Weisz, The organization of science and technology in France, 1808–1914 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1980), 31–60
One of the Poulsen magnets from I. T. & T. later became part of Lawrence’s 27-inch cyclotron. See J. Heilbron, R. Seidel, and B. Wheaton, Lawrence and his laboratory (Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, 1981), pp 12–14.
Providing the most dramatic photographic evidence of the armistice ever, since the signals were recorded photographically and ceased abruptly according to the time marker at 11 am on 11 November 1918. With thanks to Roy MacCleod.
Details in correspondence with F. A. Lindemann (later Viscount Cherwell) at Nuffield College, Oxford. For specifics, see Nye, “Aristocratic culture” (Ref 5) and Wheaton, Tiger (Ref 2).
Picture on p 236 of Louis de Broglie que nous avons connu (Fondation L. de Broglie, Paris 1988)
Louis de Broglie, “Lóeuvre scientifique du Général Ferrié,” Savants et découvertes (Michel, Paris 1951), 71–88
Since torn down to build the headquarters of, appropriately, Electricité de France.
P. de Pange, 1900 (Ref 22), vol 1
His student André Georges, quoted by Louis’s successor as secrétaire perpetuelle at the Académie, Paul Germain, “Louis de Broglie ou la passion de la ‘vraie’ physique,” in Louis de Broglie que nous avons connu, (Ref 47), iii–xviii, on p xi
Wheaton, Tiger (Ref 2), pp 275–283
Trillat, “Réminescences sur l’âge héroque de la diffraction électronique,” Louis de Broglie que nous avons connu (Ref 47), pp 231–6, on p 232. Every wednesday at Byron the group discussed current literature and their own researches. He refers always to “les fréres de Broglie.”
I am much indebted to Louis Leprince-Ringuet for granting me a most useful interview in 1983. I learned much also from Louis Michel (1983–1992) and from Abner Shimony (2000).
For as complete a list as I could find in 1992 see Wheaton, “Laboratory” (Ref 5), note 24, to which I add now Blas Cabrera, Maurice dócagne, and possibly Paul Janet, Joseph Béthenod, Gabriel Hanotaux, Paul Hazard, Jules Haag. I encourage research on all of these names, particularly in French industrial archives.
“the affliction of a father seeing one of his children, for whose education he has made the greatest sacrifices, voluntarily ruining the magnificent situation that he has made for him and dishonoring a respected name by escapades that the principles or the prejudices of the family cannot admit.” The convoluted prose is intentional by Marcel Proust, Sodome et Gomorrhe. À la recherche du temps perdu, vol 5 (Ed. nouvelle rev., Paris 1922), pp 70–1.
Hardly in France: Pierre Duhem, “Usines et laboratoires,” Revue philomatique de Bordeaux et du sud ouest 9 (1899)
Why this is so important in France is clear from D. Pestre, “La physique en France, 1900–1930, un panorama,” in Germain, La découverte des ondes de matière (Ref 5), pp 1–10, in particular his section 3.
Louis Leprince-Ringuet, “La vie et lóeuvre de Jean-Jacques Trillat,” La vie des sciences 5, 473–7 (1987)
Terry Shinn, “Division du savoir et specificité organisationelle: Les laboratoires de recherche industrielle en France,” Revue française de sociologie 21, 3–34 (1980); “The genesis of French industrial research 1880 1940,” Social science information 19, 60–40 (1980); “Progress and paradoxes in French science and technology, 1900 1930,” Social science information 28, 659–83 (1989). See also Fox and Weisz, Organization (Ref 43).
I would very much like to arrange with national historians comparative studies of electronic laboratory genesis in Italy, Japan, and the Soviet Union to mirror those we have now for Britain, France, Germany and the U.S. This is, for me, the signal scientific advance of that century.
David Landes, “French entrepreneurship and industrial growth in the nineteenth century,” Journal of economic history 9, 45–61 (1949); Harry W. Paul, “The issue of decline in nineteenth century French science,” French historical studies 7, 416–50 (1972); Terry Shinn, “Progress and paradoxes in French science and technology, 1900–1930,” Social science information 28, 659–683 (1989); Maurice Crosland, Science under control: The French Academy of Sciences, 1795–1914 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1992)
Landes, “French entrepreneurship and industrial growth,” (Ref 62); Henry Guerlac, “Science and French national strength,” Modern France: Problems of the third and fourth republics (Princeton University Press, Princeton 1951), pp 81–105; Paul, “The issue of decline” (Ref 62); and “Apollo courts the vulcans: The applied science institute in the nineteenth century French science faculties,” in Fox and Weisz, Organization (Ref 43), 155–81
Leprince-Ringuet, “Louis, Maurice et le laboratoire,” (Ref 1)
Mary Jo Nye, “N rays: An episode in the history and psychology of science,” Historical studies in the physical sciences 9, 125–56 (1980); and her “Gustave LeBon’s black light: A study in physics and philosophy in France at the turn of the century,” Historical studies in the physical sciences 4163–95 (1972). Wheaton, Tiger (Ref 2), pp 15–16
Charles Moureu, “La science dans la vie moderne et les conditions générales de la recherches scientifiques en France,” Dix ans d’efforts scientifiques et industriels, 1914–1924, 2 vols. (Chimique et industrie, Paris 1926), vol 1, pp 37–48. C. R Day, “Education for the industrial world: Technology and modern instruction in France under the Third Republic, 1870 1914,” in Fox and Weisz, Organization (Ref 43), pp 127–53
M. Moscovici, “La recherche scientifique dans l’industrie,” Analyse et prévision 2, 792–800 (1966); and “Le laboratoire dans l’industrie: Pour une sociologie de la recherche organisée,” Sociologie du travail 9, 438–47 (1967)
Terry Shinn, “The genesis of French industrial research, 1880–1940,” Social science information 19, 607–40 (1980), on p 621
Harry W. Paul, “The crucible and the crucifix: Catholic scientists in the third republic,” Catholic historical review 58, 195–219 (1972)
Edmond Bauer, “Souveniers sur Paul Langevin,” Courrier rationaliste 2 (1956); “Interview by T. Kuhn and T. Kahan, 8–14 Jan 1963,” Sources for history of quantum physics: Inventory and report (American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia 1967)
Maurice d’Ocagne, “Une grande famille académique,” Echo de Paris (31 Jan. 1935)
Pestre, Physique et physiciens en France (Ref 9)
Wheaton, Inventory of sources for history of twentieth century physics: Report and microfiche index to 700,000 letters (GNT Verlag, Stuttgart 1993), pp 146–8
Charles Fabry, “La physique Paris,” Annales de l’université de Paris 6, 551–75 (1928)
Pestre, Physique et physiciens en France (Ref 9) discusses the striking growth afterwards.
Alexandre Dauvillier, Récherches spectrométriques sur les rayons x (Masson, Paris 1920). René Ledoux Lebard and A. Dauvillier, La physique des rayons x (Gauthier, Paris 1921)
For background see Wheaton, “Was the photoelectric effect discovered? A spatial nomograph of micro-ontology,” British journal for the history of science, in press since 2003.
Alexandre Dauvillier, La technique des rayons x (Blanchard, Paris 1924)
Ernest Rutherford, H. Robinson, and W. Rawlinson, “Spectrum of the beta rays excited by gamma rays,” Philosophical magazine 28, 281–286 (1914)
M. de Broglie, “La portée de découvertes nouvelles dans la région des rayons de très haute fréquence,” Scientia 27, 102–11 (1920) and “Les aspects récent de la physique des rayons x,” Société des électriciens: Bulletin (Janvier 1920)
M. de Broglie “La relation hν = ε dans les phénomènes photoélectriques,” Atomes et électrons (Gauthier, Paris 1923), 80–100, p. 89 and “The photoelectric effect: The phenomena of high frequency radiation,” Physical society of London: Proceedings 36, 423–8 (1924)
Recall Guitton’s emphasis on Louis’s pudeur. Some of this Maurice attributed to Louis’s failure in 1912 to pass a university exam in general physics (including wave motion!): “Le prince Louis de Broglie enfant” Grandes souvenirs, belles actualités: Le recueil du jeunes 2 (Julliet, 1948), 4–6. “La jeunesse et les orientations intellectuelles de Louis de Broglie,” Louis de Broglie: Physicien et penseur (Michel, Paris 1953), 423–9
M. and L. de Broglie, “Remarques sur les spectres corpusculaires et l’effet photo électrique,” Comptes rendus 175, 1139–41 (1922)
Darrigol, “Strangeness” (Ref. 5) provides the most detailed analysis of how misapprehensions, misinterpretations, and outright but canceling errors encouraged the de Broglies’ inspiration, harking back at least to 1911. For even more, plow through Darrigol, From c numbers to q numbers: The classical analogy in the history of quantum theory (University of California Press, Berkeley 1992)
Wheaton, Tiger (Ref 2), p 301
Louis Michel, “Louis de Broglie: Le savant,” La vie des sciences 9, 335–40 (1992), p 340
Helge Kragh, “Anatomy of a priority conflict: The case of element 72,” Centaurus 23, 275–301 (1980). On the state of relativistic doublets see Bruce Wheaton, “T. S. Kuhn as pedagogue,” Archives internationales d’histoire des sciences 52, 306–54 (2002).
Paul Forman and V. V. Raman, “Why was it Schrödinger who developed de Broglie’s ideas?” Historical studies in the physical sciences 1, 291–314 (1969). Paul Hanle, “The Schrödinger-Einstein correspondence and the sources of wave mechanics,” American journal of physics 47, 644–8 (1979). Silvio Bergia, “Who discovered the Bose-Einstein statistics?” in Symmetries in physics (1600–1980) (U. Autònoma Barcelona, Barcelona 1987). Helge Kragh, “The heritage of Louis de Broglie in the works of Schrödinger and other theoreticians,” in Germain, La découverte des ondes de matière (Ref. 5), pp 65–78
Atomes et électrons (Gauthier, Paris 1923), the acts of Solvay congress III (1921)
Maurice de Broglie, Les rayons x (Presses U, 1922), pp 17, 156–159. The idea was so revolutionary that a subsequent presentation to the British Association for the Advancement of Science on “X-rays and beta-rays” was listed in Maurice’s official vita as “X-rays and gamma-rays,” and is still frequently so mis-cited. See M. de Broglie, “X rays and beta rays,” British Association for the Advancement of Science: Report (Murray, London 1922), pp 352–353.
Varende, Les Broglie (Ref. 11), p 306
L. de Broglie, “Allocution prononcée au jubilé de M. Maurice de Broglie le 13 juin 1946,” Savants et découvertes (Michel, Paris 1951), pp 298–305, on p 302
John Hendry, “The development of attitudes to the wave-particle duality of light and quantum theory, 1900–1920,” Annals of science 37, 59–79 (1980); Elisabetta Donini, “Einstein and a realistic conception of light-matter symmetry, 1905–1925,” in Symmetries in physics (1600–1980) (Ref. 88). A recent very useful review is Klaus Hentschel, “Einstein und die Lichtquantenhypothese,” Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau 58, 311–19 and 363–71 (2005).
Planck, Nernst, Rubens, Warburg in a letter to the German Kultusministerium circa 1913, quoted in Théo Kahan, “Un document historique de l’académie des science de Berlin sur l’activité scientifique d’Albert Einstein,” Archives internationales d’histoire des sciences 15, 337–342 (1962)
Einstein, “Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper,” Annalen der Physik 17, 891–921 (1905)
L. de Broglie, “Deux conceptions adverses sur la nature de la lumière et leur synthése possible,” Scientia 42, 128–34 (1927). L. and M. de Broglie, “Quelque considérations sur les notions d’onde et de corpuscle,” Scientia 55, 177–85 (1934)
For a different view, see Fritz Kubli, “Louis de Broglie und die Entdeckung der Materiewellen,” Archive for history of exact sciences 7, 26–68 (1970).
L. de Broglie, Recherches sur la théorie des quanta (Masson, Paris 1924). A facsimile reproduction has been published under the same title with useful supplementary material (Fondation Louis de Broglie, Paris 1992).
To understand how, see Wheaton, Tiger (Ref 2), pp 286–92; the condition requires that the velocity of the “fictive” phase wave exceed c by the same factor by which c exceeds the electron velocity. In anachronistic modern terms the product of wave and group velocity = c 2.
L. de Broglie, “La nouvelle dynamique des quanta,” Electrons et photons (Gauthier, Paris 1928), 105
These meager but influential precedents in early retarded potential considerations by Vito Volterra and Léon Brillouin were then termed “hereditary fields.” See Wheaton, Tiger (Ref 2), pp 287–8; Darrigol, “Strangeness” (Ref 5).
Charles Mauguin, “La thèse de doctorat de Louis de Broglie,” Louis de Broglie: Physicien et penseur (Michel, Paris 1953), pp 430–6. The examiners were Mauguin himself, as well as J. Perrin and E. Cartan from the Sorbonne, and P. Langevin from the Collège de France.
Darrigol, “Strangeness” (Ref 5), p 349
L. de Broglie, Recherches (Ref 98), pp 127–128 (conclusion)
O. Darrigol, “Les premiers travaux de Louis de Broglie,” in Germain, La découverte des ondes de matière (Ref 5), 41–51, p 48. Recall that “at age 20” was when Louis failed his general physics exams, and turned réservé.
This success was really the crux of the matter for physicists. Compare Langevin’s draft critique of de Broglie’s thesis, in Wheaton, Tiger (Ref 2), pp 295–7, with the final version presented to the Sorbonne by Perrin, in facsimile in Louis de Broglie que nous avons connu (Ref 47), un-numbered pages following Lochak, “Une certaine idée de la science,” xix–xxxii.
Paul Germain, “Louis de Broglie ou la passion de la’ vraie’ physique,” La vie des sciences 4, 569–93 (1987) (original form of Ref 51)
L. de Broglie, Recherches (Ref 98), p 65
The only true source is Einstein’s holograph letter to Langevin of 16 December 1924. I read it as “Er hat einen Zipfel des grossen Schleiers gehäftet,” most others have seen “gelüftet.” A facsimile reproduction is found in L. de Broglie, Recherches (1992, Ref 98), p 136. Look for yourself.
L. de Broglie, “Quanta de lumière, diffraction et interfèrence,” Comptes rendus 177, 548–50 (1923), p 549, and his prior “Ondes et quanta,” ibid., 507–10
L. de Broglie interview by T. S. Kuhn, Archive for history of quantum physics. See Kuhn, Heilbron, Forman, Allen, Sources for history of quantum physics (American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia 1967).
Wheaton, Tiger (Ref 2), pp 220–224
Arturo Russo, “Fundamental research at Bell Laboratories: The discovery of electron diffraction,” Historical studies in the physical sciences 12, 117–60 (1981) and “La découverte des ondes de matière,” in Germain, La découverte des ondes de matière (Ref 5), pp 79–91. Richard Gehrenbeck, “Electron diffraction: Fifty years ago,” Physics today 31, no. 1, 34–41 (January 1978). Unfortunately the award came a year after Louis’s mother’s death; she went to the grave thinking her youngest a “ne’er-dowell.” P. de Pange, 1900 (Ref 22).
M. de Broglie, “Discours en réponse au discours de réception l’Académie française du Prince Louis de Broglie,” Institut de France: Cahiers, séance du 31 mai (Institut de France, Paris, 1945)
Little record of his participation exists beyond his sister’s description in P. de Pange, 1900 (Ref 22), vol 4, pp 221–225; but I believe he may sit at the far right first row of the photograph in Schuyler Bland, Yorktown Sesquicentennial Association, The Yorktown book (1932), p 115.
François Dupré la Tour, “Le duc de Broglie,” La liberté (Julliet, 1934). Louis Leprince-Ringuet, “Notice nécrologique sur le duc Maurice de Broglie,” Comptes rendus 251, 297–303 (1960). Jean-Jacques Trillat, “Maurice de Broglie, 1875–1960,” Société française de minéralogie et de cristallographie: Bulletin 83, 239–41 (1960). René Sudre, “L’Oeuvre scientifique de Maurice de Broglie,” Revue des deux mondes (15 Août 1960), 577–82. William. Wilson, “Maurice, le Duc de Broglie,” Royal Society of London: Biographical memoirs 7, 31–6 (1961). André Gougenheim, “Éloge de Maurice de Broglie,” Académie de marine: Communications et mémoires (20 Mai, 1961). Pierre Lépine, “Notice sur la vie et les travaux de Maurice de Broglie,” Académie des sciences, Paris: Notices et discours 4, 625–56 (Gauthier, Paris 1964)
Christopher Palmer, Impressionism in music (Hutchinson, London 1973); Alan Rich, Music, mirror of the arts (Praeger, New York 1969), chapter 11
Christian Cormier-DeLanque, “Louis de Broglie et l’ingénieur,” in Louis de Broglie que nous avons connu (Ref 47), 41–3
James Cushing, Quantum mechanics: Historical contingency and the Copenhagen hegemony (University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1993), which de Broglie opposed.
The discovery of the point-junction transistor in 1948 is a telling example of 20th century theory-driven experiment, precisely the opposite of most 19th century advances like thermodynamics, photography, and electromagnetism. Bardeen’s understanding of Fermion behavior in the lattice-crystals that Teal produced led to his explanation of superconductivity (discovered by Onnes much earlier) and drove resources at Bell Labs to find what he and Shockley knew, following de Broglie and Davisson, had to exist: a crystalline analog to the triode tube. See Michael Riordan and Lillian Hoddeson, Crystal fire: The invention of the transistor and the birth of the information age (Norton, New York 1998).
An early pupil, Jean Louis Destouches, “Le séminare de Louis de Broglie depuis ses débuts l’I.H.P. jusqu’ nos jours l’Académie des sciences,” in Louis de Broglie, sa conception du monde physique (Gauthier, Paris 1973), 53–62
Wheaton, “Symmetries of matter and light: Early reactions to the lightquantum,” in Symmetries in physics (1600–1980) (Ref 88), 280–96. See also Silvio Bergia, Carlo Ferrario and Vittorio Monzoni, “Side paths in the history of physics: The idea of light molecule from Ishiwara to de Broglie,” Rivista di storia della scienza 2, 71–97 (1985).
L. de Broglie, “Déterminisme et causalité dans la physique contemporaine,” Révue de métaphysique et morale 37 (1929), 433–440; Le dualisme des ondes et les corpuscules dans l’oeuvre de Albert Einstein (Paris, 1955); English summary in “Wave-corpuscle dualism in the work of Einstein,” Albert Einstein 1879–1955: Relativity, quanta, and cosmology in the development of the scientific thought of Albert Einstein, vol 1 (Johnson, New York 1979). Asked to join Le Conseil de l’Union Catholique des Sceintifiques Français, Louis declined because, he said, he had ceased the religious practices of his youth. P. Germain, “Un souvienir très personnel,” in Louis de Broglie que nous avons connu (Ref 47), 75–7.
Schrödinger to Einstein, 23 April 1926, Einstein archive. See also Forman and Raman, “Why was it Schrödinger” (Ref 88).
For relevant correspondence (83 exchanged and in print, at least in part for 25 years) between Einstein and Schrödinger, see Wheaton and Heilbron, An inventory of published letters to and from physicists, 1900–1950 (OHST, Berkeley 1982). Paul Hanle, “Erwin Schrödinger’s reaction to Louis de Broglie’s thesis on the quantum theory,” Isis 68, 606–9 (1977); and “The Schrödinger-Einstein correspondence” (Ref 88). The collected papers of Albert Einstein from Princeton University Press has not yet reached this period but almost two hundred relevant letters and their archival availability have been described in Wheaton, Inventory of sources for history of twentieth century physics (Ref 73) for more than a decade.
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Wheaton, B.R. (2007). Atomic Waves in Private Practice. In: Quantum Mechanics at the Crossroads. The Frontiers Collection. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32665-6_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32665-6_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
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