Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alm J, Talanov A, Saarnio S, Silvola J, Ikkonen E, Aaltonen H, Nykänen H, Martikainen PJ (1997) Reconstruction of the carbon balance for microsites in a boreal oligotrophic pine fen, Finland. Oecologia 110:423–431
Alm J, Saarnio S, Nykänen H, Silvola J, Martikainen PJ (1999a) Winter CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes on some natural and drained boreal peatlands. Biogeochemistry 44:163–186
Alm J, Schulman, L, Walden, J, Nykänen H, Martikainen PJ, Silvola J (1999b) Carbon balance of a boreal bog during a year with an exceptionally dry summer. Ecology 80:161–177
Armentano TV, Menges ES (1986) Patterns of change in the carbon balance of organic-soil wetlands of the temperate zone. J Ecol 74:755–774
Aselmann I, Crutzen PJ (1989) Global distribution of natural freshwater wetlands and rice paddies, their net primary productivity, seasonality and possible methane emissions. J Atmos Chem 8:307–358.
Aurela M, Tuovinen J-P, Laurila T (1998) Carbon dioxide exchange in a subarctic peatland ecosystem in northern Europe measured by eddy covariance technique. J Geophys Res 103:11289–11301
Aurela M, Laurila T, Tuovinen J-P (2001) Seasonal CO2 balances of a subarctic mire. J Geophys Res 106:1623–1637
Aurela M, Laurila T, Tuovinen J-P (2002) Annual CO2 balance of a subarctic fen in northern Europe: importance of the wintertime efflux. J Geophys Res 107. DOI 10.1029/2002JD002055
Aurela M, Laurila T, Tuovinen J-P (2004) The timing of snow melt controls the annual CO2 balance in a subarctic fen. Geophys Res Lett 31:L16119. DOI 10.1029/2004GL020315
Avery GB Jr, Shannon RD, White JR, Martens CS, Alperin MJ (1999) Effect of seasonal change in the pathway of methanogenesis on the δ13C values of pore water methane in a Michigan peatland. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 6:271–291
Baird A, Beckwith CW, Waldron, S, Waddington JM (2004) Ebullition of methane-containing gas bubbles from near-surface Sphagnum peat. Geophys Res Lett 31:L21505. DOI 10.1029/2004GL021157
Baldocchi DD (2003) Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems: past, present and future. Global Change Biol 9:479–492
Bartlett KB, Harriss RC (1993) Review and assessment of methane emissions from wetlands. Chemosphere 26:261–320
Bartsch I, Moore TR (1985) A preliminary investigation of primary production and decomposition in four peatlands near Schefferville, Québec. Can J Bot 63:1241–1248
Bauer IE, Gignac D, Vitt DH (2003) Development of a peatland complex in boreal western Canada: lateral site expansion and local variability in vegetation succession and long-term peat accumulation. Can J Bot 81:833–847
Bellisario L, Moore TM, Bubier JL (1998) Net ecosystem exchange in a boreal peatland, northern Manitoba. Écoscience 5:534–541
Bellisario LM, Bubier JL, Moore TR, Chanton JP (1999). Controls on CH4 emissions from a northern peatland. Global Biogeochem Cycles 9:455–470
Belyea, LR Malmer N (2004) Carbon sequestration in peatland: patterns and mechanisms of response to climate change. Global Change Biol 10:1043–1052
Bergman I, Svensson BH, Nilsson M (1998) Regulation of methane production in a Swedish acid mire by pH, temperature and substrate. Soil Biol Biochem 30:729–741
Blodau C (2002) Carbon cycling in peatlands — a review of processes and controls. Environ Rev 10:111–134
Borren W, Bleuten W, Lapshina ED (2004) Holocene peat and carbon accumulation rates in the southern taiga of Western Siberia. Quat Res 61:42–51
Bosse U, Frenzel P (2001) CH4 emissions from a West Siberian mire. Suo 52:99–114
Botch M, Kobak KI, Vinson TS, Kolchugina TP (1995) Carbon pools and accumulation in peatlands of the former Soviet Union. Global Biochem Cycles 9:37–46
Brooks PD, Schmidt SK, Williams MW (1997) Winter production of CO2 and N2O from alpine tundra: environmental controls and relationships to inter-system C and N fluxes. Oecologia 110:403–413
Bubier JL (1995) The relationship of vegetation to methane emission and hydrochemical gradients in northern peatlands. J Ecol 83:403–420
Bubier JL, Moore TR (1994) An ecological perspective on methane emissions from northern wetlands. Trends Ecol Evol 9:460–464
Bubier JL, Costello LA, Moore TR, Roulet NT, Savage K (1993a) Microtopography and methane flux in boreal peatlands, northern Ontario, Canada. Can J Bot 71:1056–1063
Bubier JL, Moore TR, Roulet NT (1993b) Methane emissions from wetlands in the midboreal region of northern Ontario, Canada. Ecology 74:2240–2254
Bubier JL, Moore TR, Bellisario L, Corner NT, Crill PM (1995a) Ecological controls on methane emissions from a northern peatland complex in the zone of discontinuous permafrost, Manitoba, Canada. Global Biogeochem Cycles 9:455–470
Bubier JL, Moore TR, Juggins S (1995b) Predicting methane emission from bryophyte distribution in northern Canadian peatlands. Ecology 76:677–693
Bubier JL, Crill PM, Moore TR, Savage K, Varner R (1998) Seasonal patterns and controls on net ecosystem CO2 exchange in a boreal peatland complex. Global Biogeochem Cycles 12:703–714
Bubier JL, Frolking S. Crill PM, Linder E (1999) Net ecosystem productivity and its uncertainty in a diverse boreal peatland. J Geophys Res 104:27683–27692
Bubier JL, Bhatia G, Moore TR, Roulet NT, Lafleur PM (2003a) Between year and site variability in growing season net ecosystem CO2 exchange at a large peatland, Ontario, Canada. Ecosystems 6:353–367
Bubier J, Crill P, Mosedale A, Frolking S (2003b) Peatland responses to varying interannual moisture conditions as measured by automatic CO2 chambers. Global Biogeochem Cycles 17:1066. DOI 10.1029/2002GB001946
Buringh P (1984) Organic carbon in soils of the world. In: Woodwell GM (ed) The role of terrestrial vegetation in the global carbon cycle, SCOPE 23. Wiley, New York, pp 91–109
Carroll P, Crill PM (1997) Carbon balance of a temperate poor fen. Global Biogeochem Cycles 11:349–356
Chanton JP, Whiting GJ, Showers WJ, Crill PM (1992a) Methane flux from Peltandra virginica: stable isotope tracing and chamber effects. Global Biogeochem Cycles 6:15–31
Chanton JP, Martens CS, Kelley CA, Crill PM, Showers WJ (1992b) Methane transport mechanisms and isotopic fractionation in emergent macrophytes of an Alaskan tundra lake. J Geophys Res 97:16681–16888
Chanton JP, Whiting GJ, Happell JD, Gerard G (1993) Contrasting rates and diurnal patterns of methane emissions from emergent aquatic macrophytes. Aquat Bot 46:111–128
Chanton JP, Bauer J, Glaser P, Tyler SC, Ramonowitz E, Siegel D, Kelley C, Lazrus A (1995) Radiocarbon evidence for the substrates supporting methane formation within northern Minnesota peatland. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59:3773–3668
Chapin FS III, Matson PA, Mooney H (2002) Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Chapman SJ, Thurlow M (1998) Peat respiration at low temperatures. Soil Biol Biochem 30:1013–1021
Charman D (2002) Peatlands and environmental change. Wiley, Chichester
Charman D, Aravena R, Warner BD (1994) Carbon dynamics in a forested peatland in north-eastern Ontario, Canada. J Ecol 82:55–62
Chasar LS, Chanton JP, Glaser PH, Siegel DI, Rivers JS (2000) Radiocarbon and stable carbon isotopic evidence for transport and transformation of dissolved organic carbon, dissolved inorganic carbon, and CH4 in a northern Minnesota peatland. Global Biogeochem Cycles 14:1095–1108
Chimner RA, Cooper DJ (2003) Influence of water table levels on CO2 emissions in a Colorado subalpine fen: an in situ microcosm study. Soil Biol Biochem 35:435–351
Christensen TR (1993) Methane emission from Arctic tundra. Biogeochemistry 21:117–139
Christensen TR, Friborg T, Sommerkorn M, Kaplan J, Illeris L, Soegaard H, Nordstroem C, Jonasson S (2000) Trace gas exchange in a high-arctic valley, 1. Variations in CO2 and CH4 flux between tundra vegetation types. Global Biogeochem Cycles 14:701–714
Christensen TR, Panikov N, Mastepanov M, Joabsson A, Stewart A, Öquist M, Sommerkorn M, Reynaud S, Svensson B (2003) Biotic controls on CO2 and CH4 exchange in wetlands — a closed environment study. Biogeochemistry 64:337–354
Christensen TR, Friborg T, Ã…kerman HP, Mastepanov M (2004) Thawing sub-arctic permafrost: effects on vegetation and methane emissions. Geophys Res Lett 31:L04501. DOI 10.1029/2003GL018680
Cicerone RJ, Oremland RS (1988) Biogeochemical aspects of atmospheric methane. Global Biogeochem Cycles 2:299–327
Clymo RS (1984) The limits to peat growth. Philos Trans R Soc, Lond Ser B 303:605–654
Clymo RS (1992) Models of peat growth. Suo 43:173–182
Clymo RS, Turunen J, Tolonen K (1998) Carbon accumulation in peatland. Oikos 81:368–388
Conrad R (1989) Control of methane production in terrestrial ecosystems. In: Andreae, MO, Schimel, DS (eds) Exchange of trace gases between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. Wiley, New York, pp 39–58
Conrad R (1996) Soil microorganisms as controllers of atmospheric trace gases (H2, CO, CH4, OCS, N2O and NO). Microbiol Rev 60:609–640
Crill P (1991) Seasonal patterns of methane uptake and carbon dioxide release by a temperate woodland soil. Global Biogeochem Cycles 5:319–334
Crill PM, Bartlett KB, Harriss RC, Gorham E, Verry ES, Sebacher DL, Madzar L, Sanner W (1988) Methane flux from Minnesota peatlands. Global Biogeochem Cycles 2:371–384
Crill P, Hargreaves K, Korhola A (2000) The role of peat in Finnish greenhouse gas balances. Ministry of Trade and Industry, studies and reports 10/2000, Helsinki, Finland
Curtis PS, Hanson PJ, Bolstad P, Barford C, Randolph JC, Schmid HP, Wilson KB (2002) Biometric and eddy-covariance based estimates of annual carbon storage in five eastern North American deciduous forests. Agric For Meteorol 113:3–19
Darrah PR (1993) The rhizosphere and plant nutrition: a quantitative approach. Plant Soil 155/156:1–20
DeVito KJ, LaZerte BD (1989) Phosphorus and nitrogen retention in five Precambrian shield wetlands. Biogeochemistry 8:185–204
Dise NB (1993) Methane emission from Minnesota peatlands: spatial and seasonal variability. Global Biogeochem Cycles 7:123–142
Dise NB, Gorham E, Verry ES (1993) Environmental factors controlling methane emissions from peatlands in northern Minnesota. J Geophys Res 98:10583–10594
Domisch T, Finér L, Karsisto M, Laiho R, Laine J (1998) Relocation of carbon from decaying litter in drained peat soils. Soil Biol Biochem 30:1529–1536
Dunfield P, Knowles R, Dumont R, Moore TR (1993) Methane production and consumption in temperate and subarctic peat soils: response to temperature and pH. Soil Biol Biochem 25:321–326
Eilrich B, Steinmann P (2003) Acetate in deep peat bog environments — Seasonal variation and implications for methanogenesis: investigation of an ombrotrophic peat bog in the Jura Mountains, Switzerland. Z Dtsch Geol Ges 153:145–157
Fahnestock JT, Jones MH, Welker JM (1999) Wintertime CO2 efflux from arctic soils: implications for annual carbon budgets. Global Biogeochem Cycles 13:775–779
Feng X (2002) A theoretical analysis of carbon isotope evolution of decomposing plant litters and soil organic matter. Global Biogeochem Cycles 16:1119. DOI 10.1029/2002GB001867
Ferguson TJ, Mah RA (1983) Effect of H2-CO2 on methanogenesis from acetate or methanol in Methanosarcina spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 46:348–355
Fey A, Conrad R (2000) Effect of temperature on carbon and electron flow and on the archaeal community in methanogenic rice field soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:4790–4797
Fiedler S, Sommer M (2000) Methane emissions, groundwater levels and redox potentials of common wetland soils in a temperate-humid climate. Global Biogeochem Cycles 14:1081–1093
Francez A-J, Vasander H (1995) Peat accumulation and peat decomposition after human disturbance in French and Finnish mires. Acta Oecol 16:599–608
Freeman C, Evans CD, Monteith DT, Reynolds B, Fenner N (2001) Export of organic carbon from peat soils. Nature 412:785
Freeman C, Nevison GB, Kang H, Hughes S, Reynolds B, Hudson JA (2002) Contrasted effects of simulated drought on the production and oxidation of methane in a mid-Wales wetland. Soil Biol Biochem 34:61–67
Frenzel P (2000) Plant associated methane oxidation in ricelands and wetlands. Adv Microb Ecol 16:85–114
Frenzel P, Karofeld E (2000) CH4 emission from a hollow-ridge complex in a raised bog: the role of CH4 production and oxidation. Biogeochemistry 51:91–112
Frenzel P, Rudolph J (1998) Methane emission from a wetland plant: the role of CH4 oxidation in Eriophorum. Plant Soil 202:27–32
Friborg T, Christensen TR, Hansen BU, Nordstroem C, Soegaard H (2000) Trace gas exchange in a high-arctic valley 2. Landscape CH4 fluxes measured and modeled using eddy correlation data. Global Biogeochem Cycles 14:715–723
Friborg T, Soegaard H, Christensen TR, Lloyd CR, Panikov, NS (2003) Siberian wetlands: where a sink is a source. Geophys Res Lett 30:2129. DOI 10.1029/2003 GL017797
Frolking S, Crill P (1994) Climate controls on temporal variability of methane flux from a poor fen in southeastern New Hampshire: measurement and modeling. Global Biogeochem Cycles 8:385–397
Frolking SE, Bubier JL, Moore TR, Ball T, Bellisario LM, Bhardwaj A, Carroll P, Crill PM, Lafleur PM, McCaughey JH, Roulet NT, Suyker AE, Verma SB, Waddington JM, Whiting PJ (1998) Relationship between ecosystem productivity and photosynthetically active radiation for northern peatlands. Global Biogeochem Cycles 12:115–126
Frolking S, Roulet NT, Moore TR, Lafleur PM, Bubier JL, Crill PM (2002) Modeling seasonal to annual carbon balance of Mer Bleu Bog, Ontario, Canada. Global Biogeochem Cycles 16. DOI 10.1029/2001GB001457
Gajewski K, Viau A, Sawada M, Atkinson D, Wilson S (2001) Sphagnum peatland distribution in North America and Eurasia during the past 21000 years. Global Biogeochem Cycles 15:297–310
Galand PE, Saarnio S, Fritze H, Yrjälä K (2002) Depth related diversity of methanogen Archaea in Finnish oligotrophic fen. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 42:441–449
Galand PE, Fritze H, Yrjälä K (2003) Microsite-dependent changes in methanogenic populations in a boreal oligotrophic fen. Environ Microbiol 5:1133–1143
Garcia J-L, Patel BKC, Ollivier B (2000) Taxonomic, phylogenetic and ecological diversity of methanogenic Archaea. Anaerobe 6:205–226
Glaser PH, Chanton JP, Morin P, Rosenberry DO, Siegel DI, Ruud O, Chasar LI, Reeve AS (2004) Surface deformations as indicators of deep ebullition fluxes in a large northern peatland. Global Biogeochem Cycles 18:GB1003. DOI 10.1029/2003 GB002069
Gorham E (1991) Northern peatlands: role in the carbon cycle and probable response to climatic warming. Ecol Appl 1:182–195
Granberg G, Sundh I, Svensson BH, Nilsson M (2001) Effects of increased temperature, nitrogen, and sulphur deposition on methane emission from a mixed mire in northern Sweden: a three year factorial designed field experiment. Ecology 82:1982–1998
Grant RF, Roulet, NT (2002) Methane efflux from boreal wetlands: theory and testing of the ecosystem model Ecosys with chamber and tower flux measurements. Global Biogeochem Cycles 16:1054. DOI 10.1029/2001GB001702
Griffis TJ, Rouse WR, Waddington JM (2000) Interannual variability of net ecosystem CO2 exchange at a subarctic fen. Global Biogeochem Cycles 14:1109–1122
Hargreaves KJ, Fowler D, Pitcairn CER, Aurela M (2001) Annual methane emission from Finnish mires estimated from eddy covariance campaign measurements. Theor Appl Climatol 70:203–213
Heilman MA, Carlton RG (2001) Methane oxidation associated with submersed vascular macrophytes and its impact on plant diffusive methane flux. Biogeochemistry 52:207–224
Heikkinen JEP (2003) Carbon balance of the arctic wetlands in Europe. Doctoral dissertation, Kuopio University Publications C. Natural and Environmental Sciences 153, Kuopio, Finland
Heikkinen JEP, Elsakov V, Martikainen, PJ (2002) Carbon dioxide and methane dynamics and annual carbon balance in tundra wetland in NE Europe, Russia. Global Biogeochem Cycles 16:1115. DOI 10.1029/2002GB001930
Hoffland E (1992) Quantitative evaluation of the role of organic acid exudation in the mobilization of rock phosphate by rape. Plant Soil 140:279–289
Hornibrook ERC, Longstaffe FJ, Fyfe WS (1997) Spatial distribution of microbial methane production pathways in temperate zone wetland soils: stable carbon and hydrogen biotope evidence. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61:745–753
Huser BA, Wuhrmann K, Zehnder JB (1982) Methanothrix soehgenii gen. nov. sp. nov., a new acetotrophic non-hydrogen-oxidizing methane bacterium. Arch Microbiol 132:1–9
Ikkonen EN, Kurets VK, Grabovik SI, Drozdov SN (2001) The rate of carbon dioxide emission into the atmosphere from a southern Karelian mesooligotrophic bog. Russ J Ecol 32:382–385
IPCC (2001) Climate change 2001: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability, summary for policymakers, 3rd assessment report of the inter intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Jähne B, Heinz G, Dietrich W (1987) Measurement of the diffusion coefficients of sparingly soluble gases in water. J Geophys Res 92:10767–10776
Joabsson A, Christensen TR, Wallén B (1999) Vascular plant controls on methane emissions from northern peatforming wetlands. Trends Ecol Evol 14:385–388
Joosten H, Clarke D (2002) Wise use of mires and peatlands-background and principles including a framework for decision-making. International Mire Conservation Group and International Peat Society, Jyväskylä, Finland
Karofeld E (2004) Mud-bottom hollows: exceptional features in carbon-accumulating bogs? Holocene 14:119–124
Kelker D, Chanton J (1997) The effect of clipping on methane emissions from Carex. Biogeochemistry 39:37–44
Kelley CA, Dise NB, Martens CS (1992) Temporal variations in the stable carbon isotopic composition of methane emitted from Minnesota peatlands. Global Biogeochem Cycles 6:263–269
Kettunen A (2000) Short term carbon dioxide exchange and environmental factors in a boreal fen. Verh Int Ver Limnol 27:1–5
Kettunen A (2002) Modeling of microscale variations in methane fluxes. Doctoral dissertation, Helsinki University of Technology, Systems Analysis Laboratory Research Reports A83, Helsinki, Finland
Kettunen A (2003) Connecting methane fluxes to vegetation cover and water table fluctuations at microsite level: a modelling study. Global Biogeochem Cycles 17:1051. DOI 10.1029/2002GB001958
Kettunen A, Kaitala V, Alm J, Silvola J, Nykänen H, Martikainen PJ (1996) Cross-correlation analysis of the dynamics of methane emissions from boreal peatlands. Global Biogeochem Cycles 10:457–471
Kettunen A, Kaitala V, Lehtinen A, Lohila A, Alm J, Silvola J, Martikainen PJ (1999) Methane production and oxidation potentials in relation to water table fluctuations in two boreal mires. Soil Biol Biochem 31:1741–1749
King JY, Reeburgh WS (2002) A pulse-labeling experiment to determine the contribution of recent plant photosynthates to net methane emission in arctic wet sedge tundra. Soil Biol Biochem 34:173–180
King GM, Roslev P, Skovgaard H (1990) Distribution and rate of methane oxidation in sediments of the Florida Everglades. Appl Environ Microbiol 56:2902–2911
King JY, Reeburgh WS, Regli SK (1998) Methane emission and transport by arctic sedges in Alaska: results of a vegetation removal experiment. J Geophys Res 103:29083–29092
King JY, Reeburgh WS, Thieler KK, Kling GW, Loya WM, Johnson LC, Nadelhoffer KJ (2002) Pulse-labeling studies of carbon cycling in Arctic tundra ecosystems: the contribution of photosynthates to methane emission. Global Biogeochem Cycles 16:1062. DOI 10.1029/2001GB001456
Kivinen E, Pakarinen P (1981) Geographical distribution of peat resources and major peatland complex types in the world. Ann Acad Sci Fenn Ser A III Geol Geogr 132:1–28
Koncalová H, Pokorny J, Kvêt J (1988) Root ventilation in Carex gracilis Curt.: diffusion or mass flow? Aquat Bot 30:149–155
Korhola A, Tolonen K, Turunen J, Jungner H (1995) Estimating long-term carbon accumulation rates in boreal peatlands by radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon 37:575–584
Kuder, T, Kruge MA (2001) Carbon dynamics in peat bogs: insights from substrate macromolar chemistry. Global Biogeochem Cycles 115:721–727
Kummerow J, Ellis BA (1984) Temperature effect on biomass production and root/shoot biomass ratios in two arctic sedges under controlled environmental conditions. Can J Bot 62:2150–2153
Lafleur PM, McCaughey JH, Joiner DW, Bartlett PA, Jelinski DE (1997) Seasonal trends in energy, water, and carbon dioxide fluxes at a northern boreal wetland. J Geophys Res 102:29009–29020
Lafleur PM, Roulet NT, Admiral SW (2001) Annual cycle of CO2 exchange at a bog peatland. J Geophys Res 106:3071–3081
Lafleur PM, Roulet NT, Bubier JL, Frolking S, Moore TR (2003) Interannual variability in the peatland-atmosphere carbon dioxide exchange at an ombrotrophic bog. Global Biogeochem Cycles 17:1036. DOI 10.1029/2002GB001983
Laine J, Vasander H (1996) Ecology and vegetation gradients of peatlands. In: Vasander H (ed) Peatlands in Finland. Finnish Peatland Society, Helsinki, Finland, pp 10–19
Laine J, Silvola J, Tolonen K, Alm J, Nykänen H, Vasander H, Sallantaus T, Sinisalo J, Martikainen PJ (1996) Effect of water-level drawdown on global climatic warming: northern peatlands. Ambio 25:179–184
Lamers LPM, Farhoush C, van Groenendael JM, Roelofs JGM (1999) Calcareous groundwater raised bogs: the concept of ombrotrophy revisited. J Ecol 87:639–648
Lappalainen E (ed) (1996) Global peat resources. International Peat Society and Geological Survey of Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
Mäkilä M (1994) Calculation of the energy content of mires on the basis of peat properties (in Finnish with English summary). Geological Survey of Finland, report of investigations 121. Espoo, Finland
Malmer N, Wallén B (2004) Input rates, decay losses and accumulation rates of carbon in bogs during the last millennium: internal processes and environmental changes. Holocene 14:11–117
Malmer N, Svensson BM, Wallén B (1994) Interactions between Sphagnum mosses and field layer vascular plants in the development of peat-forming systems. Folia Geobot Phytotaxon 29:483–496
Martikainen PJ, Nykänen H, Alm J, Silvola J (1995) Changes in fluxes of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide due to forest drainage of mire sites with different trophy. Plant Soil 168–169:571–577
Mast MA, Wickland KP, Striegel T, Clow DW (1998) Winter fluxes of CO2 and CH4 from subalpine soils in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Global Biogeochem Cycles 12:607–620
Matthews E, Fung I (1987) Methane emission from natural wetlands: global distribution, area, and environmental characteristics of sources. Global Biogeochem Cycles 1:61–86
Mattson MD, Likens GE (1990) Air pressure and methane fluxes. Nature 347:718–719
Melloh RA, Crill PM (1996) Winter methane dynamics in a temperate peatland. Global Biogeochem Cycles 10:247–254
Mench M, Martin E (1991) Mobilization of cadmium and other metals from two soils by roots exudates of Zea mays L., Nicotiana tabacum L. and Nicotiana rustica L. Plant Soil 132:187–196
Metsävainio K (1931) Untersuchungen über das Wurzelsystem der Moorpflanzen. Ann Bot Soc Zool-Bot Fenn Vanamo 1:1–422
Mikkelä C, Sundh I, Svensson BH, Nilsson M (1995) Diurnal variation in methane emission in relation to the water table, soil temperature, climate and vegetation cover in a Swedish mire. Biogeochemistry 28:93–114
Mooney HA (1986) Photosynthesis. In: Crawley MJ (ed) Plant ecology. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 345–373
Moore PD (2002) The future of cool temperate bogs. Environ Conserv 29:3–20
Moore TR (2001) Les processus biogéochimiques lies au carbone. In: Payette S, Rochefort L (eds) Écologie des tourbières du Québec-Labrador. Les Presses de l’Université Laval, Sainte-Foy, pp 183–197
Moore TR (2003) Dissolved organic carbon in a northern boreal landscape. Global Biogeochem Cycles 17:1109. DOI 10.1029/2003GB002050
Moore TR, Roulet NT (1993) Methane flux: water table position relations in northern peatlands. Geophys Res Lett 20:587–590
Moore T, Roulet N, Knowles R (1990) Spatial and temporal variations of methane flux from subarctic/northern boreal fens. Global Biogeochem Cycles 4:29–46
Moore TR, Heyes A, Roulet NT (1994) Methane emissions from wetlands, southern Hudson Bay lowland. J Geophys Res 99:1455–1467
Moore TR, Roulet NT, Waddington JM (1998) Uncertainty in predicting the effect of climatic change on the carbon cycle of Canadian peatlands. Clim Change 40:229–245
Moore TR, Bubier JL, Frolking SE, Lafleur PM, Roulet NT (2002) Plant biomass and production and CO2 exchange in an ombrotrophic bog. J Ecol 90:25–36
Moosavi SC, Crill PM (1998) CH4 oxidation by tundra wetlands as measured by a selective inhibitor technique. J Geophys Res 103:29093–29106
Morrissey LA, Livingston GP (1992) Methane emission from Alaska arctic tundra: an assessment of local scale variability. J Geophys Res 97:16661–16670
Morrissey LA, Zobel DB, Livingston GP (1993) Significance of stomatal control on methane release from Carex dominated wetlands. Chemosphere 26:339–355
Nilsson M, Bohlin E (1993) Methane and carbon dioxide concentrations in bogs and fens with special reference to the effects of the botanical composition of peat. J Ecol 81:615–625
Nilsson M, Mikkelä C, Sundh I, Granberg G, Svensson BH, Ranneby B (2001) Methane emission from Swedish mires: national and regional budgets and dependence on mire vegetation. J Geophys Res 106:20847–20860
Norman JM, Kucharik CJ, Gower ST, Baldocchi DD, Crill PM, Rayment M, Savage K, Striegl RG (1997) A comparison of six methods for measuring soil-surface carbon dioxide fluxes. J Geophys Res 102:28771–28777
Nykänen H, Alm J, Silvola J, Tolonen K, Martikainen PJ (1998) Methane fluxes on boreal peatlands of different fertility and the effect of long-term experimental lowering of the water table on flux rates. Global Biogeochem Cycles 12:53–69
Nykänen H, Vasander H, Huttunen JT, Martikainen PJ (2002) Effect of experimental nitrogen load on methane and nitrous oxide fluxes on ombrotrophic boreal peatland. Plant Soil 242:147–155
Nykänen H, Heikkinen JEP, Pirinen L, Tiilikainen K, Martikainen PJ (2003) Annual CO2 exchange and CH4 fluxes on a subarctic palsa mire during climatically different years. Global Biogeochem Cycles 17:1018. DOI 10.1029/2002GB001861
Oechel WC, Vourlitis GL, Hastings SJ, Bochkarev SA (1995) Change in arctic CO2 flux over two decades: effects of climate change at Barrow, Alaska. Ecol Appl 5:846–855
Oechel WC, Vourlitis G, Hastings SJ (1997) Cold season CO2 emission from arctic soils. Global Biogeochem Cycles 11:163–172
Panikov NS, Dedysh SN (2000) Cold season CH4 and CO2 emission from boreal peat bogs (West Siberia): winter fluxes and thaw activation dynamics. Global Biogeochem Cycles 14:1071–1080
Pearce DME, Clymo RS (2001) Methane oxidation in a peatland core. Global Biogeochem Cycles 15:709–720
Pitkänen A, Turunen J, Tolonen K (1999) The role of fire in the carbon dynamics of a mire, eastern Finland. Holocene 9:453–462
Popp TJ, Chanton JP, Whiting GJ, Grant N (1999) Methane stable isotope distribution at a Carex dominated fen in north central Alberta. Global Biogeochem Cycles 13:1063–1077
Popp TJ, Chanton JP, Whiting GJ, Grant N (2000) Evaluation of methane oxidation in the rhizosphere of a Carex dominated fen in north central Alberta, Canada. Biogeochemistry 51:259–281
Prinn PR (1994) The interactive atmosphere: global atmospheric-biospheric chemistry. Ambio 23:50–61
Reader RJ, Stewart JM (1972) The relationship between net primary production and accumulation for a peatland in southeastern Manitoba. Ecology 53:1024–1037
Robinson SD, Moore TR (2000) The influence of permafrost and fire upon carbon accumulation in high boreal peatlands, Northwest Territories, Canada. Arct Antarct Alp Res 32:155–166
Roehm CL, Roulet NT (2003) Seasonal contribution of CO2 fluxes in the annual C budget of a northern bog. Global Biogeochem Cycles 17:1029. DOI 10.1029/2002GB001889
Römheld V (1991) The role of phytosiderophores in acquisition of iron and other micronutrients in graminaceous species: an ecological approach. Plant Soil 130:127–134
Roslev P, King GM (1994) Survival and recovery of methanotrophic bacteria starved under oxic and anoxic conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:2602–2608
Roulet NT, Moore T, Bubier JL, Lafleur PM (1992) Northern fens: methane flux and climatic change. Tellus B 44:100–105
Roulet NT, Ash R, Quinton W, Moore T (1993) Methane flux from drained northern peatlands: effect of persisting water table lowering on flux. Global Biogeochem Cycles 7:749–769
Rovira AD (1969) Plant root exudates. Bot Rev 35:35–57
Ruimy AP, Jarvis D, Baldocchi D, Saugier B (1996) CO2 fluxes over plant canopies and solar radiation: a review. Adv Ecol Res 26:1–68
Russell RS (1977) Plant root systems: their function and interaction with the soil. McGraw-Hill, London
Saarinen T (1996) Biomass and production of two vascular plants in a boreal mesotrophic fen. Can J Bot 74:934–938
Saarinen T (1999) Vascular plants as input of carbon in boreal sedge fens: control of production and partitioning of biomass. Publications in Botany, University of Helsinki 28, Yliopistopaino, Finland
Saarnio S, Silvola J (1999) Effects of increased CO2 and N on CH4 efflux from a boreal mire: a growth chamber experiment. Oecologia 119:349–356
Saarnio S, Alm J, Silvola J, Lohila A, Nykänen H, Martikainen PJ (1997) Seasonal variation in CH4 emissions and production and oxidation potentials at microsites on an oligotrophic pine fen. Oecologia 110:414–422
Saarnio S, Alm J, Martikainen PJ, Silvola J (1998) Effects of raised CO2 on potential CH4 production and oxidation in, and CH4 emission from, a boreal mire. J Ecol 86:261–268
Saarnio S, Järviö S, Saarinen T, Vasander H, Silvola J (2003) Minor changes in vegetation and carbon gas balance in a boreal mire under a raised CO2 or NH4NO3 supply. Ecosystems 6:46–60
Sallantaus T (1992) Leaching in the material balance of peatlands — preliminary results. Suo 43:253–258
Scanlon D, Moore T (2000) CO2 production from peatland soil profiles: the influence of temperature, oxic/anoxic conditions and substrate. Soil Sci 165:153–160
Schiff S, Aravena R, Mewhinney E, Elgood R, Warner BG, Dillon P, Trumbore S (1998) Precambrian shield wetlands-hydrologic control of the sources and export of dissolved organic matter. Clim Change 40:167–188
Schimel JP (1995) Plant transport and methane production as controls on methane flux from arctic wet meadow tundra. Biogeochemistry 28:183–200
Schlesinger WH (1977) Carbon balance in terrestrial detritus. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 8:51–81
Sebacher DI, Harriss RC, Bartlett KB (1985) Methane emissions to the atmosphere through aquatic plants. J Environ Qual 14:40–46
Sebacher DI, Harriss RC, Bartlett KB, Sebacher SM, Grice SS (1986) Atmospheric methane sources: Alaskan tundra bogs, an alpine fen, and a subarctic boreal marsh. Tellus 38:1–10
Segers R, Kengen SWM (1998) Soil methane production as a function of anaerobic carbon mineralisation: a process model. Soil Biol Biochem 30:1107–1117
Segers R, Rappoldt C, Leffelaar PA (2001) Modeling methane fluxes in wetlands with gas-transporting plants 2. Soil layer scale. J Geophys Res 106:3529–3540
Shannon RD, White JR (1994) A three-year study of controls on methane emissions from two Michigan peatlands. Biogeochemistry 27:35–60
Shaver GR, Cutler JC (1979) The vertical distribution of live vascular phytomass in cottongrass tussock tundra. Arct Alp Res 11:335–342
Sheng Y, Smith LC, MacDonald GM, Kremenetski KV, Frey KE, Velichko AA, Lee M, Beilman DW, Dubinin P (2004) A high-resolution GIS-based inventory of the west Siberian peat carbon pool. Global Biogeochem Cycles 18:GB3004. DOI 10.1029/2003GB002190
Shurpali NJ, Verma SB (1998) Micrometeorological measurements of methane flux in a Minnesota peatland during two growing seasons. Biogeochemistry 40:1–15
Shurpali NJ, Verma SB, Clement RJ, Billesbach DP (1993) Seasonal distribution of methane flux in a Minnesota peatland measured by eddy correlation. J Geophys Res 98:20649–20655
Shurpali N, Saarnio S Alm, J (2004) Modelling land use impacts of annual emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O from peatlands in Finland. In: Päivänen J (ed) Wise use of peatlands. Proceedings of the 12th international peat congress, vol. 1, pp 170–177
Silvola J, Hanski I (1979) Carbon accumulation in a raised bog. Oecologia 37:285–295
Silvola J, Alm J, Ahlholm U, Nykänen H, Martikainen PJ (1996a) The contribution of plant roots to CO2 fluxes from organic soils. Biol Fert Soils 23:126–131
Silvola J, Alm J, Ahlholm U, Nykänen H, Martikainen PJ (1996b) CO2 fluxes from boreal mires under varying temperature and moisture conditions. J Ecol 84:219–228
Silvola J, Saarnio S, Foot J, Sundh I, Greenup A, Heijmans M, Ekberg A, Mitchell E, van Breemen N (2003) Effects of elevated CO2 and N deposition on CH4 emissions from European mires. Global Biogeochem Cycles 17:GB1068. DOI 10.1029/2002GB001886
Sjörs H (1981) Peat on earth: multiple use or conservation? Ambio 9:303–308
Sjörs H (1991) Phyto-and necromass above and below ground in a fen. Holarctic Ecol 14:208–218
Soegaard H, Nordstroem C (1999) Carbon dioxide exchange in a high-arctic fen estimated by eddy covariance measurements and modeling. Global Change Biol 5:547–562
Soegaard H, Nordstroem C, Friborg T, Hansen BU, Christensen TR, Bay C (2000) Trace gas exchange in a high-arctic valley, 3. Integrating and scaling CO2 fluxes from canopy to landscape using flux data, footprint modeling, and remote sensing. Global Biogeochem Cycles 14:725–744
Sommerfeld RA, Mosier AR, Musselman RC (1993) CO2, CH4 and N2O flux through a Wyoming snowpack and implications for global budgets. Nature 361:140–142
Sommerfeld RA, Massman WJ, Musselman RC, Mosier AR (1996) Diffusional flux of CO2 through snow: spatial and temporal variability among alpine-subalpine sites. Global Biogeochem Cycles 10:473–482
Strack M, Waddington JM, Tuittila E-S (2004) Effect of water table drawdown on northern peatland methane dynamics: implications for climate change. Global Biogeochem Cycles 18:GB4003. DOI 10.1029/2003GB002209
Ström L, Ekberg A, Mastepanov M, Christensen TR (2003) The effect of vascular plants on carbon turnover and methane emissions from a tundra wetland. Global Change Biol 9:1185–1192
Sundh I, Nilsson M, Granberg G, Svensson BH (1994) Depth distribution of microbial production and oxidation of methane in northern boreal peatlands. Microb Ecol 27:253–265
Sundh I, Mikkelä C, Nilsson M, Svensson BH (1995) Potential aerobic methane oxidation in a Sphagnum dominated peatland — controlling factors and relation to methane emission. Soil Biol Biochem 27:829–837
Svensson BH (1984) Different temperature optima for methane formation when enrichments from acid peat are supplemented with acetate or hydrogen. Appl Environ Microbiol 48:389–394
Svensson BH, Rosswall T (1984) In situ methane production from acid peat in plant communities with different moisture regimes in a subarctic mire. Oikos 43:341–350
Svensson BH, Sundh I (1992) Factors affecting methane production in peat soils. Suo 43:183–190
Svensson BH, Veum AK, Kjelvik S (1975) Carbon losses from tundra soils. In: Wielgolaski FE (ed) Fennoscandian tundra ecosystems 1, plants and microorganisms. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 279–286
Tatarinov F, Kurbatova J, Molchanov A, Minaeva T, Orlov T (2003) Measuring of components of peat and ground vegetation CO2 balance in a southern taiga peat bog. In: Järvet A, Lode E (eds) Ecohydrological processes in northern wetlands. Tartu University Press, Tartu, pp 215–220
Thomas KL, Benstead J, Davies KL, Lloyd D (1996) Role of wetland plants in the diurnal control of CH4 and CO2 fluxes in peat. Soil Biol Biochem 28:17–23
Thomas PA, Pearce DME (2004) Role of cation exchange in preventing the decay of anoxic deep bog peat. Soil Biol Biochem 36:23–32
Tjuremnov SN (1949) Torfjanie mestorochdenija. 2 izd. Nedra, Moscow
Tolonen K (1979) Peat as a renewable resource: long-term accumulation rates in northeuropean mires. In: Kivinen E, Heikurainen L, Pakarinen P (eds) Classification of peat and peatlands. International Peat Society, Helsinki, Finland, pp 282–296
Tolonen K, Vasander H, Damman AWH, Clymo RS (1992) Preliminary estimate of long-term carbon accumulation and loss in 25 boreal peatlands. Suo 43:277–280
Torn MS, Chapin FS III (1993) Environmental and biotic controls over methane flux from Arctic tundra. Chemosphere 26:357–368
Tuittila E-S, Komulainen V-M, Vasander H, Nykänen H, Martikainen PJ, Laine J (2000) Methane dynamics of a restored cut-away peatland. Global Change Biol 6:569–581
Tuittila E-S, Vasander H, Laine J (2004) Sensitivity of C sequestration in reintroduced Sphagnum to water level variation in a cut-away peatland. Restor Ecol 12:483–493
Turetsky MR, Wieder RK, Vitt DH (2002) Boreal peatland C fluxes under varying permafrost regimes. Soil Biol Biochem 34:907–912
Turetsky MR, Amiro BD, Bosch E, Bhatti JS (2004) Historical burn area in western Canadian peatlands and its relationship to fire weather indices. Global Biogeochem Cycles 18:GB4014. DOI 10.1029/2004GB002222
Turunen J. (2003) Past and present carbon accumulation in undisturbed boreal and subarctic mires: a review. Suo 54:15–28
Turunen J, Moore TR (2003) Controls of carbon accumulation and storage in the mineral subsoil beneath peat in Lakkasuo mire, central Finland. Eur J Soil Sci 54:279–286
Turunen J, Tolonen K, Tolvanen S, Remes M, Ronkainen J, Jungner H (1999) Carbon accumulation in the mineral subsoil of boreal mires. Global Biogeochem Cycles 13:71–79
Turunen J, Tahvanainen T, Tolonen K, Pitkänen A (2001) Carbon accumulation in West Siberian mires, Russia. Global Biogeochem Cycles 15:285–296
Turunen J, Tomppo E, Tolonen K, Reinikainen A (2002) Estimating carbon accumulation rates of undrained mires in Finland — application to boreal and subarctic regions. Holocene 12:69–80
Updegraff K, Bridgham SD, Pastor J, Weishampel P, Harth C (2001) Response of CO2 and CH4 emissions from peatlands to warming and water table manipulations. Ecol Appl 11:311–326
Urban NR, Bayley SE, Eisenreich SJ (1989) Export of dissolved organic carbon and acidity from peatlands. Water Resour Res 25:1619–1628
Valentine DW, Holland EA, Schimel DS (1994) Ecosystem and physiological controls over methane production in northern wetlands. J Geophys Res 99:1563–1571
van den Pol-van Dasselaar A, Oenema O (1999) Methane production and carbon mineralisation of size and density fractions of peat soil. Soil Biol Biochem 31:877–886
van den Pol-van Dasselaar A, van Beusichem ML, Oenema O (1999) Determinants of spatial variability of methane emissions from wet grasslands on peat soil. Biogeochemistry 44:221–237
van der Nat F-J, Middelburg JJ (1998) Effects of two common macrophytes on methane dynamics in freshwater systems. Biogeochemistry 43:70–104
van der Nat F-JWA, Middelburg JJ, van Meteren D, Wielemakers A (1998) Diel methane emission patterns from Scirpus lacustris and Phragmites australis. Biogeochemistry 41:1–22
van Veen JA, Merckx R, van de Geijn SC (1989) Plant-and soil-related controls of the flow of carbon from roots through the soil microbial biomass. Plant Soil 115:179–188
Vasander H (1982) Plant biomass and production in virgin, drained and fertilized sites in a raised bog in southern Finland. Ann Bot Fenn 19:103–125
Vasander H, Tuittila E-S, Lode E, Lundin L, Ilomets M, Sallantaus T, Heikkilä R, Pitkänen M-L, Laine J (2003) Status and restoration of peatlands in northern Europe. Wetlands Ecol Manage 11:51–53
Verville JH, Hobbie SE, Chapin FS, Hooper DU (1998) Response of CH4 and CO2 flux to manipulation of temperature and vegetation. Biogeochemistry 41:215–235
Vitt DH, Halsey LA, Bauer IE, Campbell C (2000) Spatial and temporal trends in carbon storage of peatlands of continental western Canada through the Holocene. Can J Earth Sci 37:683–693
von Fischer JC, Hedin LO (2002) Separating methane production and consumption with a field-based isotope pool dilution technique. Global Biogeochem Cycles 16:1034. DOI 10.1029/2001GB001448
Vourlitis GL, Oechel WC (1999) Eddy covariance measurements of CO2 and energy fluxes of an Alaskan tussock tundra ecosystem. Ecology 80:686–701
Vourlitis GL, Oechel WC, Hastings SJ, Jenkins MA (1993) The effect of soil moisture and thaw depth on CH4 flux from wet coastal tundra ecosystems on the north slope of Alaska. Chemosphere 26:329–337
Waddington JM, Roulet NT (2000) Carbon balance of a boreal patterned peatland. Global Change Biol 6:87–97
Waddington JM, Roulet NT, Swanson RV (1996) Water table control of CH4 emission enhancement by vascular plants in boreal peatlands. J Geophys Res 101:22775–22785
Wallén B (1986) Above and below ground dry mass of the three main vascular plants on hummocks on a subarctic peat bog. Oikos 46:51–56
Wallén B (1992) Methods for studying below-ground production in mire ecosystems. Suo 43:155–162
Walter BP, Heimann M, Matthews E (2001a) Modeling modern methane emissions from natural wetlands, 1. Model description and results. J Geophys Res 106:34189–34206
Walter BP, Heimann M, Matthews E (2001b) Modeling modern methane emissions from natural wetlands, 2. Interannual variations 1982–1993. J Geophys Res 106:34207–34219
Warner BG, Clymo RS, Tolonen K (1993) Implications of peat accumulation at Point Escuminac, New Brunswick. Quat Res 39:245–248
Westermann P (1993) Temperature regulation of methanogenesis in wetlands. Chemosphere 26:321–328
Whalen SC, Reeburgh WS (1988) A methane flux time series for tundra environments. Global Biogeochem Cycles 2:399–409
Whalen SC, Reeburgh WS (1992) Interannual variations in tundra methane emisison: a four year time series at fixed sites. Global Biogeochem Cycles 6:139–159
Whiting GJ, Chanton JP (1992) Plant-dependent CH4 emission in a subarctic Canadian fen. Global Biogeochem Cycles 6:225–231
Whiting GJ, Chanton JP (1993) Primary production control of methane emission from wetlands. Nature 364:794–795
Whiting GJ, Chanton JP (2001) Greenhouse carbon balance of wetlands: methane emission versus carbon sequestration. Tellus B 53:521–528
Whiting GJ, Chanton JR, Bartlett DS, Happell JD (1991) Relationship between CH4 emission biomass and CO2 exchange in a subtropical grassland. J Geophys Res 96:13067–13071
Windsor J, Moore TR, Roulet NT (1992) Episodic fluxes of methane from subarctic fens. Can J Soil Sci 72:441–452
Yavitt JB, Lang GE, Downey GE (1988) Potential methane production and methane oxidation rates in peatland ecosystems of the Appalachian mountains, United States. Global Biogeochem Cycles 2:253–268
Yavitt JA, Downey DM, Lancaster E, Lang GE (1990) Methane consumption in decomposing Sphagnum-derived peat. Soil Biol Biochem 22:441–447
Yu Z, Vitt DH, Campbell ID, Apps MJ (2003) Understanding Holocene peat accumulation pattern of continental fens in western Canada. Can J Bot 81:267–282
Zhuang Q, Melillo JM, Kicklighter DW, Prinn RG, McGuire AD, Steudler PA, Felzer BS, Hu S (2004) Methane fluxes between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere at northern high latitudes during the past century: a retrospective analysis with a process-based biogeochemistry model. Global Biogeochem Cycles 18:GB3010. DOI 10.1029/2004GB002239
Zimov SA, Zimova GM, Daviodov, SP, Daviodova AI, Voropaev YV, Voropaeva ZV, Zemiletov IP, Zemiletova IV (1993) Winter biotic and production of CO2 in Siberia soils: a factor in the greenhouse effect. J Geophys Res 98:5017–5023
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Vasander, H., Kettunen, A. (2006). Carbon in Boreal Peatlands. In: Wieder, R.K., Vitt, D.H. (eds) Boreal Peatland Ecosystems. Ecological Studies, vol 188. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-31913-9_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-31913-9_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-31912-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-31913-9
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)