Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ependymal Tumors

  • Chapter
Gliomas

Part of the book series: Recent Results in Cancer Research ((RECENTCANCER,volume 171))

Ependymomas represent a heterogeneous group of glial tumors whose biological behavior depends on various histological, molecular, and clinical variables. The scope of this chapter is to review the clinical and histo-logical features as well as the molecular genetics of ependymomas with special emphasis on their influence on tumor recurrence and prognosis. Furthermore, potential molecular targets for therapy are outlined.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Altieri A, Castro F, Bermejo JL, Hemminki K (2006) Association between number of siblings and nervous system tumors suggests an infectious etiology. Neurology 67:1979–1983

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ammerlaan AC, de Bustos C, Ararou A, Buckley PG, Mantripragada KK, Verstegen MJ, Hulsebos TJ, Dumanski JP (2005) Localization of a putative low-penetrance ependymoma susceptibility locus to 22q11 using a chromosome 22 tiling-path genomic microarray. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 43:329–338

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ang LC, Taylor AR, Bergin D, Kaufmann JC (1990) An immunohistochemical study of papillary tumors in the central nervous system. Cancer 65:2712–2719

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey P, Cushing H (1926) A classification of the tumors of the glioma group on a histogenetic basis with a correlation study of prognosis. Lippincott, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Biegel JA, Zhou JY, Rorke LB, Stenstrom C, Wainwright LM, Fogelgren B (1999) Germ-line and acquired mutations of INI1 in atypical tera-toid and rhabdoid tumors. Cancer Res 59:74–79

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bijlsma EK, Voesten AM, Bijleveld EH, Troost D, Westerveld A, Merel P, Thomas G, Hulsebos TJ (1995) Molecular analysis of genetic changes in ependymomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 13:272–277

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birch BD, Johnson J P, Parsa A, Desai RD, Yoon JT, Lycette CA, Li YM, Bruce JN (1996) Frequent type 2 neurofibromatosis gene transcript mutations in sporadic intramedullary spinal cord ependymomas. Neurosurgery 39:135–140

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Black P, Carroll R, Glowacka D (1996) Expression of platelet-derived growth factor transcripts in medulloblastomas and ependymomas. Pediatr Neurosurg 24:74–78

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouffet E, Perilongo G, Canete A, Massimino M (1998) Intracranial ependymomas in children: a critical review of prognostic factors and a plea for cooperation. Med Pediatr Oncol 30:319–329; discussion 329–331

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burger PC, Scheithauer B W, Vogel FS (2002) Surgical pathology of the nervous system and its coverings. Churchill Livingstone, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter M, Nicholson J, Ross F, Crolla J, Allibone R, Balaji V, Perry R, Walker D, Gilbertson R, Ellison DW (2002) Genetic abnormalities detected in ependymomas by comparative genomic hybridisation. Br J Cancer 86:929–939

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CBTRUS (2005) Statistical Report: Primary Brain Tumors in the United States, 1998–2002. Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, Hinsdale

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang T, Teng MM, Lirng JF (1993) Posterior cranial fossa tumours in childhood. Neuroradiology 35:274–278

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang UK, Choe WJ, Chung SK, Chung CK, Kim HJ (2002) Surgical outcome and prognostic factors of spinal intramedullary ependymomas in adults. J Neurooncol 57:133–139

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cochrane DD, Gustavsson B, Poskitt K P, Steinbok P, Kestle JR (1994) The surgical and natural morbidity of aggressive resection for posterior fossa tumors in childhood. Pediatr Neurosurg 20:19–29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper PR (1989) Outcome after operative treatment of intramedullary spinal cord tumors in adults: intermediate and long-term results in 51 patients. Neurosurgery 25:855–859

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cruz-Sanchez FF, Rossi ML, Esiri MM, Reading M (1988) Epithelial membrane antigen expression in ependymomas. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 14:197–205

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis C, Barnard RO (1985) Malignant behavior of myxopapillary ependymoma. Report of three cases. J Neurosurg 62:925–929

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deck JH, Eng LF, Bigbee J, Woodcock SM (1978) The role of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the diagnosis of central nervous system tumors. Acta Neuropathol 42:183–190

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dimopoulos VG, Fountas KN, Robinson JS (2006) Familial intracranial ependymomas. Report of three cases in a family and review of the literature. Neurosurg Focus 20:E8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duffy PE, Graf L, Huang YY, Rapport MM (1979) Glial fibrillary acidic protein in ependymomas and other brain tumors. Distribution, diagnostic criteria, and relation to formation of processes. J Neurol Sci 40:133–146

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ebert C, von Haken M, Meyer-Puttlitz B, Wiestler OD, Reifenberger G, Pietsch T, von Deimling A (1999) Molecular genetic analysis of ependymal tumors. NF2 mutations and chromosome 22q loss occur preferentially in intramedullary spinal ependymomas. Am J Pathol 155:627–632

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engels EA, Katki HA, Nielsen NM, Winther J F, Hjalgrim H, Gjerris F, Rosenberg PS, Frisch M (2003) Cancer incidence in Denmark following exposure to poliovirus vaccine contaminated with simian virus 40. J Natl Cancer Inst 95:532–539

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fakhrai N, Neophytou P, Dieckmann K, Nemeth A, Prayer D, Hainfellner J, Marosi C (2004) Recurrent spinal ependymoma showing partial remission under Imatimib. Acta Neurochir 146:1255–1258

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falany CN, Xie X, Wang J, Ferrer J, Falany JL (2000) Molecular cloning and expression of novel sul-photransferase-like cDNAs from human and rat brain. Biochem J 346 Pt 3:857–864

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fassett DR, Pingree J, Kestle JR (2005) The high incidence of tumor dissemination in myxopap-illary ependymoma in pediatric patients. Report of five cases and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 102:59–64

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Figarella-Branger D, Civatte M, Bouvier-Labit C, Gouvernet J, Gambarelli D, Gentet JC, Lena G, Choux M, Pellissier JF (2000) Prognostic factors in intracranial ependymomas in children. J Neurosurg 93:605–613

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fink KL, Rushing EJ, Schold SC Jr, Nisen PD (1996) Infrequency of p53 gene mutations in ependy-momas. J Neurooncol 27:111–115

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foreman NK, Love S, Thorne R (1996) Intracranial ependymomas: analysis of prognostic factors in a population-based series. Pediatr Neurosurg 24:119–125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fouladi M, Helton K, Dalton J, Gilger E, Gajjar A, Merchant T, Kun L, Newsham I, Burger P, Fuller C (2003) Clear cell ependymoma: a clinicopatho-logic and radiographic analysis of 10 patients. Cancer 98:2232–2244

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Furuta T, Tabuchi A, Adachi Y, Mizumatsu S, Tamesa N, Ichikawa T, Tamiya T, Matsumoto K, Ohmoto T (1998) Primary brain tumors in children under age 3 years. Brain Tumor Pathol 15:7–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaspar N, Grill J, Geoerger B, Lellouch-Tubiana A, Michalowski MB, Vassal G (2006) p53 Pathway dysfunction in primary childhood ependymo-mas. Pediatr Blood Cancer 46:604–613

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gil J, Bernard D, Martinez D, Beach D (2004) Polycomb CBX7 has a unifying role in cellular lifespan. Nat Cell Biol 6:67–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbertson RJ (2005) ERBB2 in pediatric cancer: innocent until proven guilty. Oncologist 10:508–517

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbertson RJ, Bentley L, Hernan R, Junttila TT, Frank AJ, Haapasalo H, Connelly M, Wetmore C, Curran T, Elenius K, Ellison DW (2002) ERBB receptor signaling promotes ependymoma cell proliferation and represents a potential novel therapeutic target for this disease. Clin Cancer Res 8:3054–3064

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Good CD, Wade AM, Hayward RD, Phipps K P, Michalski AJ, Harkness WF, Chong WK (2001) Surveillance neuroimaging in childhood intrac-ranial ependymoma: how effective, how often, and for how long? J Neurosurg 94:27–32

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grill J, Avet-Loiseau H, Lellouch-Tubiana A, Sevenet N, Terrier-Lacombe MJ, Venuat AM, Doz F, Sainte-Rose C, Kalifa C, Vassal G (2002) Comparative genomic hybridization detects specif ic cytogenetic abnormalities in pediatric ependymomas and choroid plexus papillomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 136:121–125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guidetti B, Mercuri S, Vagnozzi R (1981) Long-term results of the surgical treatment of 129 intramed-ullary spinal gliomas. J Neurosurg 54:323–330

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halatsch ME, Schmidt U, Behnke-Mursch J, Unterberg A, Wirtz CR (2006) Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme and other malignant brain tumours. Cancer Treat Rev 32:74–89

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasselblatt M, Paulus W (2003) Sensitivity and specificity of epithelial membrane antigen staining patterns in ependymomas. Acta Neuropathol 106:385–388

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hasselblatt M, Blümcke I, Jeibmann A, Rickert CH, Jouvet A, van de Nes JA, Kuchelmeister K, Brunn A, Fevre-Montange M, Paulus W (2006) Immunohistochemical profile and chromosomal imbalances in papillary tumours of the pineal region. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 32:278–283

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirato J, Nakazato Y, Iijima M, Yokoo H, Sasaki A, Yokota M, Ono N, Hirato M, Inoue H (1997) An unusual variant of ependymoma with extensive tumor cell vacuolization. Acta Neuropathol 93:310–316

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirose Y, Aldape K, Bollen A, James CD, Brat D, Lamborn K, Berger M, Feuerstein BG (2001) Chromosomal abnormalities subdivide ependy-mal tumors into clinically relevant groups. Am J Pathol 158:1137–1143

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hjalmars U, Kulldorff M, Wahlqvist Y, Lannering B (1999) Increased incidence rates but no space-time clustering of childhood astrocytoma in Sweden, 1973–1992: a population-based study of pediatric brain tumors. Cancer 85:2077–2090

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ho DM, Hsu CY, Wong TT, Chiang H (2001) A clin-icopathologic study of 81 patients with ependy-momas and proposal of diagnostic criteria for anaplastic ependymoma. J Neurooncol 54:77–85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman S, Propp JM, McCarthy BJ (2006) Temporal trends in incidence of primary brain tumors in the United States, 1985–1999. Neurooncol 8:27–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Houben M P, Aben KK, Teepen JL, Schouten-Van Meeteren AY, Tijssen CC, Van Duijn CM, Coebergh JW (2006) Stable incidence of childhood and adult glioma in The Netherlands, 1989–2003. Acta Oncol 45:272–279

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang B, Starostik P, Kuhl J, Tonn JC, Roggendorf W (2002) Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 22 in human ependymomas. Acta Neuropathol 103:415–420

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeuken J W, Sprenger SH, Gilhuis J, Teepen HL, Grotenhuis AJ, Wesseling P (2002) Correlation between localization, age, and chromosomal imbalances in ependymal tumours as detected by CGH. J Pathol 197:238–244

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jouvet A, Fauchon F, Liberski P, Saint-Pierre G, Didier-Bazes M, Heitzmann A, Delisle MB, Biassette HA, Vincent S, Mikol J, Streichenberger N, Ahboucha S, Brisson C, Belin MF, Fevre-Montange M (2003) Papillary tumor of the pineal region. Am J Surg Pathol 27:505–512

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaatsch P, Rickert CH, Kuhl J, Schuz J, Michaelis J (2001) Population-based epidemiologic data on brain tumors in German children. Cancer 92:3155–3164

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katoh S, Ikata T, Inoue A, Takahashi M (1995) Intradural extramedullary ependymoma. A case report. Spine 20:2036–2038

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawano N, Ohba Y, Nagashima K (2000) Eosinophilic inclusions in ependymoma represent microlu-mina: a light and electron microscopic study. Acta Neuropathol 99:214–218

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawano N, Yada K, Aihara M, Yagishita S (1983) Oligodendroglioma-like cells (clear cells) in ependymoma. Acta Neuropathol 62:141–144

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawano N, Yagishita S, Oka H, Utsuki S, Kobayashi I, Suzuki S, Tachibana S, Fujii K (2001) Spinal tany-cytic ependymomas. Acta Neuropathol 101:43–48

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kernohan J W, Fletcher-Kernohan EM (1935) Epen-dymomas. A study of 109 cases. Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 16:182–209

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimura T, Budka H, Soler-Federsppiel S (1986) An immunocytochemical comparison of the glia-associated proteins glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S-100 protein (S100P) in human brain tumors. Clin Neuropathol 5:21–27

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleinman GM, Young RH, Scully RE (1993) Primary neuroectodermal tumors of the ovary. A report of 25 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 17:764–778

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korshunov A, Golanov A, Timirgaz V (2000) Immunohistochemical markers for intracranial ependymoma recurrence. An analysis of 88 cases. J Neurol Sci 177:72–82

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korshunov A, Golanov A, Timirgaz V (2001) p14ARF protein (FL-132) immunoreactivity in intracranial ependymomas and its prognostic significance: an analysis of 103 cases. Acta Neuropathol 102:271–277

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korshunov A, Golanov A, Timirgaz V (2002) Immunohistochemical markers for prognosis of ependymal neoplasms. J Neurooncol 58: 255–270

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Korshunov A, Neben K, Wrobel G, Tews B, Benner A, Hahn M, Golanov A, Lichter P (2003) Gene expression patterns in ependymomas correlate with tumor location, grade, and patient age. Am J Pathol 163:1721–1727

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kraus JA, de Millas W, Sorensen N, Herbold C, Schichor C, Tonn JC, Wiestler OD, von Deimling A, Pietsch T (2001) Indications for a tumor suppressor gene at 22q11 involved in the pathogenesis of ependymal tumors and distinct from hSNF5/ INI1. Acta Neuropathol 102:69–74

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuratsu J, Takeshima H, Ushio Y (2001) Trends in the incidence of primary intracranial tumors in Kumamoto, Japan. Int J Clin Oncol 6:183–191

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurt E, Zheng PP, Hop WC, van der Weiden M, Bol M, van den Bent MJ, Avezaat CJ, Kros JM (2006) Identification of relevant prognostic histopatho-logic features in 69 intracranial ependymomas, excluding myxopapillary ependymomas and subependymomas. Cancer 106:388–395

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lamszus K, Lachenmayer L, Heinemann U, Kluwe L, Finckh U, Hoppner W, Stavrou D, Fillbrandt R, Westphal M (2001) Molecular genetic alterations on chromosomes 11 and 22 in ependymomas. Int J Cancer 91:803–808

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Libermann TA, Nusbaum HR, Razon N, Kris R, Lax I, Soreq H, Whittle N, Waterfield MD, Ullrich A, Schlessinger J (1985) Amplification, enhanced expression and possible rearrangement of EGF receptor gene in primary human brain tumours of glial origin. Nature 313:144–147

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahler-Araujo MB, Sanoudou D, Tingby O, Liu L, Coleman N, Ichimura K, Collins VP (2003) Structural genomic abnormalities of chromosomes 9 and 18 in myxopapillary ependymomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 62:927–935

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mannoji H, Becker LE (1988) Ependymal and choroid plexus tumors. Cytokeratin and GFAP expression. Cancer 61:1377–1385

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marquez A, Wu R, Zhao J, Tao J, Shi Z (2004) Evaluation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) by chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in archival gliomas using bright-field microscopy. Diagn Mol Pathol 13:1–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazewski C, Soukup S, Ballard E, Gotwals B, Lampkin B (1999) Karyotype studies in 18 ependymomas with literature review of 107 cases. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 113:1–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCloskey JJ, Parker JC, Jr., Brooks WH, Blacker HM (1976) Melanin as a component of cerebral gliomas: the melanotic cerebral ependymoma. Cancer 37:2373–2379

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCormick PC, Torres R, Post KD, Stein BM (1990) Intramedullary ependymoma of the spinal cord. J Neurosurg 72:523–532

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLendon RE, Wiestler OD, Kros JM, Korshunov A, Ng HK (2007) Ependymal tumours. In: Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee W (eds) Pathology and genetics of tumours of the nervous system. IARC Press, Lyon

    Google Scholar 

  • McNally RJ, Cairns D P, Eden OB, Alexander FE, Taylor GM, Kelsey AM, Birch JM (2002) An infectious aetiology for childhood brain tumours? Evidence from space-time clustering and season-ality analyses. Br J Cancer 86:1070–1077

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendrzyk F, Korshunov A, Benner A, Toedt G, Pfister S, Radlwimmer B, Lichter P (2006) Identification of gains on 1q and epidermal growth factor receptor overexpression as independent prognostic markers in intracranial ependymoma. Clin Cancer Res 12:2070–2079

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miettinen M, Clark R, Virtanen I (1986) Intermediate filament proteins in choroid plexus and epend-yma and their tumors. Am J Pathol 123:231–240

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Modena P, Lualdi E, Facchinetti F, Veltman J, Reid JF, Minardi S, Janssen I, Giangaspero F, Forni M, Finocchiaro G, Genitori L, Giordano F, Riccardi R, Schoenmakers EF, Massimino M, Sozzi G (2006) Identification of tumor-specific molecular signatures in intracranial ependymoma and association with clinical characteristics. J Clin Oncol 24:5223–5233

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morantz RA, Kepes JJ, Batnitzky S, Masterson BJ (1979) Extraspinal ependymomas. Report of three cases. J Neurosurg 51:383–391

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mork SJ, Loken AC (1977) Ependymoma: a follow-up study of 101 cases. Cancer 40:907–915

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mullins KJ, Rubio A, Myers S P, Korones DN, Pilcher WH (1998) Malignant ependymomas in a patient with Turcot's syndrome: case report and management guidelines. Surg Neurol 49:290–294

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muthmann A, Sauerbeck E (1903) Über eine Gliage-schwulst des 4. Ventrikels. Neuroepithelioma gliomatosum. Beitr pathol Anat 34:445

    Google Scholar 

  • Ng HK (2006) Ependymoma, subependymoma and myxopapillary ependymoma. In: McLendon RE, Rosenblum MK and Bigner DD (eds) Russell and Rubinstein's pathology of tumors of the nervous system. Hodder Arnold, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Nijssen PC, Deprez RH, Tijssen CC, Hagemeijer A, Arnoldus E P, Teepen JL, Holl R, Niermeyer MF (1994) Familial anaplastic ependymoma: evidence of loss of chromosome 22 in tumour cells. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57:1245–1248

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nobles E, Lee R, Kircher T (1991) Mediastinal ependymoma. Hum Pathol 22:94–96

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nozaki M, Tada M, Matsumoto R, Sawamura Y, Abe H, Iggo RD (1998) Rare occurrence of inactivating p53 gene mutations in primary non-astrocytic tumors of the central nervous system: reappraisal by yeast functional assay. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 95:291–296

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olin P, Giesecke J (1998) Potential exposure to SV40 in polio vaccines used in Sweden during 1957: no impact on cancer incidence rates 1960 to 1993. Dev Biol Stand 94:227–233

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Onilude OE, Lusher ME, Lindsey JC, Pearson AD, Ellison DW, Clifford SC (2006) APC and CTNNB1 mutations are rare in sporadic ependymomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 168:158–161

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peris-Bonet R, Martinez-Garcia C, Lacour B, Petrovich S, Giner-Ripoll B, Navajas A, Steliarova-Foucher E (2006) Childhood central nervous system tumours–incidence and survival in Europe (1978–1997): report from Automated Childhood Cancer Information System project. Eur J Cancer 42:2064–2080

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plans G, Brell M, Cabiol J, Villa S, Torres A, Acebes JJ (2006) Intracranial retrograde dissemination in filum terminale myxopapillary ependymomas. Acta Neurochir 148:343–346; discussion 346

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prayson RA (1999) Clinicopathologic study of 61 patients with ependymoma including MIB-1 immu-nohistochemistry. Ann Diagn Pathol 3:11–18

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Preusser M, Wolfsberger S, Czech T, Slavc I, Budka H, Hainfellner JA (2005) Survivin expression in intracranial ependymomas and its correlation with tumor cell proliferation and patient outcome. Am J Clin Pathol 124:543–549

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ransom DT, Ritland SR, Kimmel DW, Moertel CA, Dahl RJ, Scheithauer B W, Kelly PJ, Jenkins RB (1992) Cytogenetic and loss of heterozygosity studies in ependymomas, pilocytic astrocytomas, and oligodendrogliomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 5:348–356

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reardon DA, Egorin MJ, Quinn JA, Rich JN, Gururangan S, Vredenburgh JJ, Desjardins A, Sathornsumetee S, Provenzale JM, Herndon JE 2nd, Dowell JM, Badruddoja MA, McLendon RE, Lagattuta T F, Kicielinski K P, Dresemann G, Sampson JH, Friedman AH, Salvado AJ, Friedman HS (2005) Phase II study of imatinib mesylate plus hydroxyurea in adults with recurrent gliob-lastoma multiforme. J Clin Oncol 23:9359–9368

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rich JN, Sathornsumetee S, Keir ST, Kieran MW, Laforme A, Kaipainen A, McLendon RE, Graner M W, Rasheed BK, Wang L, Reardon DA, Ryan AJ, Wheeler C, Dimery I, Bigner DD, Friedman HS (2005) ZD6474, a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor, inhibits tumor growth of multiple nervous system tumors. Clin Cancer Res 11:8145–8157

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rickert CH, Paulus W (2004) Comparative genomic hybridization in central and peripheral nervous system tumors of childhood and adolescence. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 63:399–417

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rickert CH, Kedziora O, Gullotta F (1999) Ependy-moma of the cauda equina. Acta Neurochir 141:781–782

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rickert CH, Gocke H, Paulus W (2002) Fetal epend-ymoma associated with Down's syndrome. Acta Neuropathol 103:78–81

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rickert CH, Korshunov A, Paulus W (2006) Chromosomal imbalances in clear cell ependy-momas. Mod Pathol 19:958–962

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ringertz N (1950) Grading of Gliomas. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 27:51–64

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ritter AM, Hess KR, McLendon RE, Langford LA (1998) Ependymomas: MIB-1 proliferation index and survival. J Neurooncol 40:51–57

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robles SG, Saldana C, Boto GR, Martinez A, Zamarron AP, Jorquera M, Mata P (2005) Intradural extramedullary spinal ependymoma: a benign pathology? Spine 30:E251–254

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez FJ, Scheithauer B W, Robbins PD, Burger PC, Hessler RB, Perry A, Abell-Aleff PC, Mierau GW (2006) Ependymomas with neuronal differentiation: a morphologic and immunohistochemi-cal spectrum. Acta Neuropathol 113(3):313–324

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roussy G, Oberling C (1932) Histologic classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Arch Neurol Psychiatr 27:1281–1289

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruchoux MM, Kepes JJ, Dhellemmes P, Hamon M, Maurage CA, Lecomte M, Gall CM, Chilton J (1998) Lipomatous differentiation in ependymo-mas: a report of three cases and comparison with similar changes reported in other central nervous system neoplasms of neuroectodermal origin. Am J Surg Pathol 22:338–346

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rumboldt Z, Camacho DL, Lake D, Welsh CT, Castillo M (2006) Apparent diffusion coefficients for differentiation of cerebellar tumors in children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27:1362–1369

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakakibara Y, Suiko M, Pai TG, Nakayama T, Takami Y, Katafuchi J, Liu MC (2002) Highly conserved mouse and human brain sulfotransferases: molecular cloning, expression, and functional characterization. Gene 285:39–47

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sandalcioglu IE, Gasser T, Asgari S, Lazorisak A, Engelhorn T, Egelhof T, Stolke D, Wiedemayer H (2005) Functional outcome after surgical treatment of intramedullary spinal cord tumors: experience with 78 patients. Spinal Cord 43:34–41

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savard ML, Gilchrist DM (1989) Ependymomas in two sisters and a maternal male cousin with mosaicism with monosomy 22 in tumour. Pediatr Neurosci 15:80–84

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schiffer D, Giordana MT (1998) Prognosis of epend-ymoma. Childs Nerv Syst 14:357–361

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schuz J, Kaletsch U, Kaatsch P, Meinert R, Michaelis J (2001) Risk factors for pediatric tumors of the central nervous system: results from a German population-based case-control study. Med Pediatr Oncol 36:274–282

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz TH, McCormick PC (2000) Intramedullary ependymomas: clinical presentation, surgical treatment strategies and prognosis. J Neurooncol 47:211–218

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz TH, Kim S, Glick RS, Bagiella E, Balmaceda C, Fetell MR, Stein BM, Sisti MB, Bruce JN (1999) Supratentorial ependymomas in adult patients. Neurosurgery 44:721–731

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slavc I, MacCollin MM, Dunn M, Jones S, Sutton L, Gusella JF, Biegel JA (1995) Exon scanning for mutations of the NF2 gene in pediatric ependy-momas, rhabdoid tumors and meningiomas. Int J Cancer 64:243–247

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sonneland PR, Scheithauer BW, Onofrio BM (1985) Myxopapillary ependymoma. A clinicopathologic and immunocytochemical study of 77 cases. Cancer 56:883–893

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sowar K, Straessle J, Donson AM, Handler M, Foreman NK (2006) Predicting which children are at risk for ependymoma relapse. J Neurooncol 78:41–46

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spassky N, Merkle FT, Flames N, Tramontin AD, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A (2005) Adult ependymal cells are postmitotic and are derived from radial glial cells during embryogen-esis. J Neurosci 25:10–18

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stiller CA, Nectoux J (1994) International incidence of childhood brain and spinal tumours. Int J Epidemiol 23:458–464

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suarez-Merino B, Hubank M, Revesz T, Harkness W, Hayward R, Thompson D, Darling JL, Thomas DG, Warr TJ (2005) Microarray analysis of pediatric ependymoma identifies a cluster of 112 candidate genes including four transcripts at 22q12.--q13.3. Neurooncol 7:20–31

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeshita T, Arita T, Asao H, Tanaka N, Higuchi M, Kuroda H, Kaneko K, Munakata H, Endo Y, Fujita T, Sugamura K (1996) Cloning of a novel signal-transducing adaptor molecule containing an SH3 domain and ITAM. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 225:1035–1039

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamiolakis D, Papadopoulos N, Venizelos I, Lambropoulou M, Nikolaidou S, Bolioti S, Kiziridou A, Manavis J, Alexiadis G, Simopoulos C (2006) Loss of chromosome 1 in myxopapillary ependymoma suggests a region out of chromosome 22 as critical for tumour biology: a FISH analysis of four cases on touch imprint smears. Cytopathology 17:199–204

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor MD, Poppleton H, Fuller C, Su X, Liu Y, Jensen P, Magdaleno S, Dalton J, Calabrese C, Board J, Macdonald T, Rutka J, Guha A, Gajjar A, Curran T, Gilbertson RJ (2005) Radial glia cells are candidate stem cells of ependymoma. Cancer Cell 8:323–335

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torres CF, Korones DN, Pilcher W (1997) Multiple ependymomas in a patient with Turcot's syndrome. Med Pediatr Oncol 28:59–61

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uematsu Y, Rojas-Corona RR, Llena JF, Hirano A (1989) Distribution of epithelial membrane antigen in normal and neoplastic human ependyma. Acta Neuropathol 78:325–328

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vara-Thorbeck R, Sanz-Esponera J (1970) Intrasacral ependymoma. Case report. J Neurosurg 32:589–592

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vege KD, Giannini C, Scheithauer BW (2000) The immunophenotype of ependymomas. Appl Immu-nohistochem Mol Morphol 8:25–31

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verstegen MJ, Leenstra DT, Ijlst-Keizers H, Bosch DA (2002) Proliferation- and apoptosis-related proteins in intracranial ependymomas: an immunohistochemical analysis. J Neurooncol 56:21–28

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • von Haken MS, White EC, Daneshvar-Shyesther L, Sih S, Choi E, Kalra R, Cogen PH (1996) Molecular genetic analysis of chromosome arm 17p and chromosome arm 22q DNA sequences in sporadic pediatric ependymomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 17:37–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Weggen S, Bayer TA, von Deimling A, Reifenberger G, von Schweinitz D, Wiestler OD, Pietsch T (2000) Low frequency of SV40, JC and BK polyomavirus sequences in human medulloblastomas, meningi-omas and ependymomas. Brain Pathol 10:85–92

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiendl H, Feiden W, Scherieble H, Renz T, Dichgans J, Weller M (2003) March 2003: a 41 -year-old female with a solitary lesion in the liver. Brain Pathol 13:421–423

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiestler OD, Schiffer D, Coons SW, Prayson RA, Rosenblum MK (2000) Ependymal tumours. In: Kleihues P, Cavenee WK (eds) Pathology and genetics of tumours of the nervous system. IARC Press, Lyon

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfsberger S, Fischer I, Hoftberger R, Birner P, Slavc I, Dieckmann K, Czech T, Budka H, Hainfellner J (2004) Ki-67 immunolabeling index is an accurate predictor of outcome in patients with intracranial ependymoma. Am J Surg Pathol 28:914–920

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong TT, Ho DM, Chang K P, Yen SH, Guo WY, Chang FC, Liang ML, Pan HC, Chung WY (2005) Primary pediatric brain tumors: statistics of Taipei VGH, Taiwan (1975–2004). Cancer 104:2156–2167

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamasaki F, Kurisu K, Satoh K, Arita K, Sugiyama K, Ohtaki M, Takaba J, Tominaga A, Hanaya R, Yoshioka H, Hama S, Ito Y, Kajiwara Y, Yahara K, Saito T, Thohar MA (2005) Apparent diffusion coefficient of human brain tumors at MR imaging. Radiology 235:985–991

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yokota T, Tachizawa T, Fukino K, Teramoto A, Kouno J, Matsumoto K, Emi M (2003) A family with spinal anaplastic ependymoma: evidence of loss of chromosome 22q in tumor. J Hum Genet 48:598–602

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zec N, De Girolami U, Schofield DE, Scott RM, Anthony DC (1996) Giant cell ependymoma of the filum terminale. A report of two cases. Am J Surg Pathol 20:1091–1101

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zülch KJ (1962) Die Gradeinteilung (Grading) der Malignität der Hirngeschwülste. Acta Neurochir 10:639–645

    Google Scholar 

  • Zülch KJ (1986) Brain tumors. Their biology and pathology. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Neuropathology, University of Münster, Domagkstr. 19, Münster, 48129, Germany

    Martin Hasselblatt

Authors
  1. Martin Hasselblatt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Martin Hasselblatt .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Pathologisches Institut, UniversitäEtsklinikum Heidelberg, Abt. Neuropathologie, Germany

    Andreas von Deimling

  2. Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Klinische Kooperationseinheit Neuropathologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 220/221, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany

    Andreas von Deimling

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hasselblatt, M. (2009). Ependymal Tumors. In: von Deimling, A. (eds) Gliomas. Recent Results in Cancer Research, vol 171. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-31206-2_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-31206-2_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-31205-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-31206-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation