Skip to main content

Recent Advances in Subspace Analysis for Face Recognition

  • Conference paper
Advances in Biometric Person Authentication (SINOBIOMETRICS 2004)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNCS,volume 3338))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

Given the unprecedented demand on face recognition technology, it is not surprising to see an overwhelming amount of research publications on this topic in recent years. In this paper we conduct a survey on subspace analysis, which is one of the fastest growing areas in face recognition research. We first categorize the existing techniques in subspace analysis into four categories, and present descriptions of recent representative methods within each category. Then we discuss three main directions in recent research and point out some challenging issues that remain to be solved.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Bledsoe, W.: The Model Method in Facial Recognition. Panoramic Research Inc., Palo Alto (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Sirovich, L., Kirby, M.: Low-dimensional Procedure for the Characterization of Human Faces. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 4, 519–524 (1987)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Kirby, M., Sirovich, L.: Application of the Karhunen-Loéve Procedure for the Characterization of Human Faces. IEEE Trans. On Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 12, 103–108 (1990)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Turk, M., Pentland, A.: Eigenface for Recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 3, 72–86 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Pentland, A., Moghaddam, B., Starner, T.: View-based and Modular Eigenspaces for Face Recognition. In: Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 84–91 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Moghaddam, B., Pentland, A.: Probabilistic Visual Learning for Object Representation. IEEE Trans. On Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 19, 696–710 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Moghaddam, B., Jebara, T., Pentland, A.: Bayesian Face Recognition. Pattern Recognition 33, 1771–1782 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Swets, D.L., Weng, J.: Using Discriminant Eigenfeatures for Image Retrieval. IEEE Trans. On Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 18, 831–836 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Belhumeur, P.N., Hespanha, J.P., Kriegman, D.J.: Eigenfaces vs. Fisherfaces: Recognition Using Class Specific Linear Projection. IEEE Trans. On Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 19, 711–720 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Yu, H., Yang, J.: A Direct LDA Algorithm for High-dimensional Data with Application to Face Recognition. Pattern Recognition 34, 2067–2070 (2001)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  11. Chen, L., Liao, H., Ko, M., Lin, J., Yu, G.: A New Lda-based Face Recognition System Which Can Solve the Small Samples Size Problem. Journal of Pattern Recognition 33, 1713–1726 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Loog, M., Duin, R.P.W., Haeb-Umbach, R.: Multiclass Linear Dimension Reduction by Weighted Pairwise Fisher Criteria. IEEE Trans. On Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 23, 762–766 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Friedman, J.H.: Regularized Discriminant Analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association 84, 165–175 (1989)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  14. Schölkopf, B.: Nonlinear Component Analysis as a Kernel Eigenvalue Problem. Neural Computation 10, 1299–1319 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Penev, P.S., Atick, J.J.: Local Feature Analysis: A General Statistical Theory for Object Representation. Network Computation in Neural Systems 7, 477–500 (1996)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  16. Bartlett, M.S., Movellan, J.R., Sejnowski, T.J.: Face Recognition by Independent Component Analysis. IEEE Trans. On Neural Networks 13, 1450–1464 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Hyvärinen, A., Hoyer, P.O.: Emergence of Phase and Shift Invariant Features by Decomposition of Natural Images into Independent Feature Subspaces. Neural Computation 12, 1705–1720 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Hyvärinen, A., Hoyer, P.O., Inki, M.: Topographic Independent Component Analysis. Neural Computation 13, 1525–1558 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Moghaddam, B.: Principal Manifolds and Bayesian Subspaces for Visual Recognition. In: Proc. 7th IEEE Int’l Conf. On Computer Vision, pp. 1131–1136 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Tenenbaum, J.B., Silva, V., Langford, J.C.: A Global Geometric Framework for Nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction. Science 290, 2319–2323 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Roweis, S.T., Saul, L.K.: Nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction by Locally Linear Embedding. Science 290, 2323–2326 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Li, S.Z., Hou, X.W., Zhang, H.J., Cheng, Q.S.: Learning Spatially Localized Parts-Based Representation. In: Proc. Int’l Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 207–212 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Lades, M., Vorbrüggen, J.C., Buhmann, J., Lange, J., Malsburg, C., Würtz, R.P., Konen, W.: Distortion Invariant Object Recognition in the Dynamic Link Architecture. IEEE Trans. On Computers 42, 300–311 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Wiskott, L., Fellous, J.M., Krüger, N., Malsburg, C.: Face Recognition by Elastic Bunch Graph Matching. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 19, 775–779 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Kohonen, T.: Associative Memory: A System Theoretic Approach. Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1977)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Kung, S.Y., Taur, J.S.: Decision-based Neural Networks with Signal Image Classification Applications. IEEE Trans. On Neural Networks 6, 170–181 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Samaria, F., Young, S.: HMM Based Architecture for Face Identification. Image and Computer Vision 12, 537–583 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Cootes, T.F., Edwards, G.J., Taylor, C.J.: Active Appearance Models. IEEE Trans. On Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 23, 681–685 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Moghaddam, B., Nastar, C., Pentland, A.: Bayesian Face Recognition Using Deformable Intensity Surfaces. In: Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 638–645 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Blanz, V., Vetter, T.: A Morphable Model for the Synthesis of 3D Faces. In: Proc. SIGGRAPH, pp. 187–194 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Oja, E.: Subspace Methods of Pattern Recognition. Research Studies Press, Letchworth (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Vasilescu, M.A.O., Terzopoulos, D.: Multilinear Subspace Analysis of Image Ensembles. In: Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 93–99 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Yang, Q., Ding, X.Q.: Symmetrical Principal Component Analysis and Its Application in Face Recognition. Chinese Journal of Computers 26, 1146–1151 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Yang, J., Zhang, D.: Two-Dimensional PCA: A New Approach to Appearance-Based Face Representation and Recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 28, 131–137 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Cavalcanti, G.D.C., Filho, E.C.B.C.: Eigenbands Fusion for Frontal Face Recognition. Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. on Image Processing, 665–668 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Etemad, K., Chellappa, R.: Face Recognition Using Discriminant Eigenvector. In: Proc. IEEE Int’1 Conf. On Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, pp. 2148–2151 (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Wang, X., Tang, X.: Random Sampling LDA for Face Recognition. In: Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 259–265 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Wang, X., Tang, X.: Dual-space Linear Discriminant Analysis for Face Recognition. In: Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 564–569 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Wang, X., Tang, X.: Unified Subspace Analysis for Face Recognition. In: Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. on Computer Vision, pp. 679–686 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Howland, P., Park, H.: Generalized Discriminant Analysis Using the Generalized Singular Value Decomposition. IEEE Trans. On Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 26, 995–1006 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Ye, J.P., Janardan, R., Park, C.H., Park, H.: An Optimization Criterion for Generalized Discriminant Analysis on Undersampled Problems. IEEE Trans. On Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 26, 982–994 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Lu, J.W., Plataniotis, K.N., Venetsanopoulos, A.N.: Face Recognition Using Kernel Direct Discriminant Analysis Algorithms. IEEE Trans. Neural Networks 14, 117–126 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Lu, J.W., Plataniotis, K.N., Venetsanopoulos, A.N.: Regularized D-LDA for Face Recognition. In: Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, pp. 125–128 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Lu, J.W., Plataniotis, K.N., Venetsanopoulos, A.N.: Face Recognition Using LDA-based Algorithms. IEEE Trans. On Neural Networks 14, 195–200 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Lu, J.W., Plataniotis, K.N., Venetsanopoulos, A.N.: Boosting Linear Discriminant Analysis for Face Recognition. In: Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. on Image Processing, pp. 657–660 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Jing, X.J., Zhang, D., Tang, Y.-Y.: An Improved LDA Approach. IEEE Trans. On Systems, Man, and Cybernetics 34, 1942–1951 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Yang, Q., Ding, X.Q.: Discriminant Local Feature Analysis of Facial Images. In: IEEE Int’l Conf. on Image Processing, pp. 863–866 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Liu, Q., Lu, H., Ma, S.: Improving Kernel Fisher Discriminant Analysis for Face Recognition. IEEE Trans. On Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 14, 42–49 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Huang, J., Yuen, P.C., Chen, W.S., Lai, J.H.: Kernel Subspace LDA with Optimized Kernel Parameters on Face Recognition. In: IEEE Proc. Int’l Conf. on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  50. Huang, J., Yuen, P.C., Chen, W.S., Lai, J.H.: Component-based LDA Method for Face Recognition with One Training Sample. In: IEEE Int’l Workshop on Analysis and Modeling of Faces and Gestures, pp. 120–126 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  51. Liu, W., Wang, Y., Li, S.Z., Tan, T.: Null Space-based Kernel Fisher Discriminant Analysis for Face Recognition. In: IEEE Proc. Int’l Conf. on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  52. Marcel, S.: A Symmetric Transformation for LDA-based Face Verification. In: IEEE Proc. Int’l Conf. on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  53. Wu, X.J., Kittler, J., Yang, J.Y., Messer, K., Wang, S.: A New Direct LDA Algorithm for Feature Extraction in Face Recognition. In: IEEE Proc. Int’l Conf. on Pattern Recognition, pp. 545–548 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  54. Liu, Q., Tang, X., Lu, H., Ma, S.: Kernel Scatter-Difference Based Discriminant Analysis for Face Recognition. In: Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. on Pattern Recognition, pp. 419–422 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  55. Kim, T.K., Kim, H., Hwang, W., Kee, S.-C., Kittler, J.: Independent Component Analysis in a Facial Local Residue Space. In: IEEE Proc. Int’l Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 579–586 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  56. Liu, C., Wechsler, H.: Independent Component Analysis of Gabor Features for Face Recognition. IEEE Trans. on Neural Networks 14, 919–928 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Liu, C.: Enhanced Independent Component Analysis and Its Application to Content Based Face Image Retrieval. IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man and Cybernetics 34, 1117–1127 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Huang, Y., Luo, S.: Genetic Algorithm Applied to ICA Feature Selection. In: Proc. Int’l Joint Conf. on Neural Networks, pp. 704–707 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  59. Fortuna, J., Capson, D.: ICA Filters for Lighting Invariant Face Recognition. In: Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. on Pattern Recognition, pp. 334–337 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  60. Sengupta, K., Burman, P.: Non-parametric Approach to ICA Using Kernel Density Estimation. In: Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. on Multimedia and Expo, pp. 749–752 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  61. He, X., Yan, S.C., Hu, Y.X., Zhang, H.J.: Learning a Locality Preserving Subspace for Visual Recognition. In: IEEE Proc. Int’l Conf. on Computer Vision, pp. 178–185 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  62. Yan, S.C., Zhang, H.J., Hu, Y.X., Zhang, B.Y., Cheng, Q.S.: Discriminant Analysis on Embedded Manifold. In: European Conf. on Computer Vision, pp. 121–132 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  63. Zhang, J., Li, S.Z., Wang, J.: Nearest Manifold Approach for Face Recognition. In: Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pp. 223–228 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  64. Wu, Y., Chan, K.L., Wang, L.: Face Recognition based on Discriminative Manifold Learning. In: Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. on Pattern Recognition, pp. 171–174 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  65. Li, Z., Tang, X.: Bayesian Face Recognition Using Support Vector Machine and Face Clustering. In: Proc. Int’l Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 374–380 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  66. Tang, X., Li, Z.: Frame Synchronization and Multi-level Subspace Analysis for Video based Face Recognition. In: Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 902–907 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  67. Tang, X., Wang, X.: Face Sketch Synthesis and Recognition. In: Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. on Computer Vision, pp. 687–694 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  68. Liu, W., Wang, Y., Li, S.Z., Tan, T.: Nearest Intra-Class Space Classifier for Face Recognition. In: IEEE Proc. Int’l Conf. on Pattern Recognition (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  69. Li, J., Zhou, S., Shekhar, C.: A Comparison of Subspace Analysis for Face Recognition. In: Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, pp. 121–124 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Yang, Q., Tang, X. (2004). Recent Advances in Subspace Analysis for Face Recognition. In: Li, S.Z., Lai, J., Tan, T., Feng, G., Wang, Y. (eds) Advances in Biometric Person Authentication. SINOBIOMETRICS 2004. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 3338. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30548-4_32

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30548-4_32

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-24029-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-30548-4

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics