Abstract
Human activity endangers tropical forests in different parts of the world. The conflicting interests of nature conservation on the one hand, and the livelihood of farmers living at the forest margins, on the other, clash noticeably in so-called hotspots of biodiversity, such as the Lore Lindu region of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversity generally decreases along a land use gradient from natural forest to agroforestry and annual crop systems. Thus, before solutions for a sustainable balance between conservation and the needs of people living at the forest margins can be sought, changing land use strategies and the factors that influence them must be analyzed. While similar studies often concentrate on economic indicators of land use change only, this chapter highlights the importance of two cultural realities, namely migration and ethnicity. We will demonstrate the great influence of these two factors on land use decisions and on the accessibility of land in the Lore Lindu region.
Based on results from previous qualitative studies, we selected three upland villages, which represent a continuum that leads, in terms of migration history, from a pre-transition village, to a transitional village, to a post-transition village. We used quantitative and qualitative methods for our analysis.
The results show a general land use change in the region, ranging from a strategy that places food first (e.g., rice) to one that places cash first, especially by the cultivation of cacao. This change cannot be observed to the same extent in the study region as a whole. It varies from village to village, depending on the share of households belonging to the Bugis migrants. Bugis as an ethnic group and as migrants have an enormous effect on the land use decisions of local ethnic groups in their respective villages. Strong ethnic networks among Bugis migrants play an important role not only with respect to their village preferences, but also with respect to the transfer of knowledge regarding agricultural management. A lack of interaction between local and migrant ethnic groups results in differences in the efficiency of cacao cultivation. While the Bugis migrants mainly buy their agricultural land from local farmers or, depending on the village’s migration history, from other Bugis households, members of the autochthonous ethnic group usually clear the primary forest. The findings of the present study reveal that an analysis of migration and ethnicity is a crucial precondition to finding sustainable solutions for ensuring that the margins of the rainforest in the Lore Lindu region remain stable. This chapter will emphasize that, in addition to economic considerations, an analysis of the cultural forces that influence land use changes cannot be neglected.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abdulkadir-Sunito M, Sitorus MTF (this volume) From ecological to political buffer zone: ethnic politics and forest encroachment in Upland Central Sulawesi. In: Tscharntke T, Leuschner C, Zeller M, Guhardja E, Bidin A (eds) The stability of tropical rainforest margins, linking ecological, economic and social constraints of land use and conservation. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Achard F, Eva HD, Stibig H, Mayaux P, Gallego J, Richards T, Malingreau J (2002) Determination of Deforestation Rates of the World’s Humid Tropical Forests. Science 297: 999–1002
Akiyama T, Nishio A (1996) Indonesia’a cocoa boom: hands-off policy encourages smallholder dynamism. Policy research working papers, no 1580. The World Bank, Washington D.C.
Bann C (2002) Economic analysis of tropical forest land use options in Cambodia. In: Pearce DW (ed) Valuing the environment in developing countries: case studies. Elgar, Cheltenham Glos, pp 536–569
Bhabba HK (1994) The Location of Culture. Routledge, London
Bonte P (1999) Ethnicity and land tenure in the Sahel. In: Reyna SP (ed) Deadly developments: capitalism, states and war. Gordon & Breach, Amsterdam, pp 213–234
Bos M, Höhn P, Saleh S, Büche B, Buchori D, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tscharntke T (this volume) Insect diversity responses to forest conversion and agroforestry management. In: Tscharntke T, Leuschner C, Zeller M, Guhardja E, Bidin A (eds) The stability of tropical rainforest margins, linking ecological, economic and social constraints of land use and conservation. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Breusers M (2001) Searching for Livelihood Security: Land and Mobility in Burkina Faso. The journal of development studies 37(4): 49–80
Carr DL (2002) Rural frontier-migration and deforestation in the Sierra De Lacandon National Park, Guatemala. Ph.D. thesis, University of North Carolina
Carr DL (2004) Proximate Population Factors and Deforestation in Tropical Agricultural Frontiers. Popul Environ 25(6): 585–612
Casey JF, Caviglia JL (2000) Deforestation and Agroforestry Adoption in Tropical Forests: Can We Generalize? Some Results from Campeche, Mexico and Rondonia, Barzil. Paper presented at the Western Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meetings, Vancuver, British Columbia, June 29–July 1, 2000. Electronic resource: http://home.wlu.edu/~caseyj/vancouver.pdf
DeFries R, Hansen M, Towsend JRG, Janetos AC, Loveland TR (2000) A new global 1 km data set of percent tree cover derived from remote sensing. Global Change Biology 6: 247–254
Doevenspeck M (2004) Rural migration and interethnic relationship in landtenure issues. The example of Borgu (Benin). Afrika-Spectrum 39(3): 359–380
Duram LA, Bathgate J, Ray C (2004) A Local Example of Land-Use Change: Southern llinois — 1807, 1938, and 1993. The Professional Geographer 56(1): 127–140
Erasmi S, Twele A, Ardiansyah M, Malik A, Kappas M (2004): Mapping deforestation and land cover conversion at the rainforest margins in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. EARSeL eProceedings 3(3): 288–297
Faust H, Maertens M, Weber R, Nuryartono N, van Rheenen T, Birner R (2003) Does migration lead to destabilization of forest margins? — Evidence from an interdisciplinary field study in Central Sulawesi. STORMA Discussion Paper Series Sub-Program A, no 11, Bogor Göttingen Kassel
Foucault M (1976) Überwachen und Strafen: die Geburt des Gefängnisses. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main
Gumbo DJ, Eastman R, Toledano J, Snel M, Haan N (2000) It takes a village — Assessing social causes of environmental change in Africa. GeoInfo Systems 10(1): 22–27
Gramsci A (1991–2002) Gefängnishefte, 10 vol. Argument, Hamburg
Hannerz U (1987) The World in Creolization. Africa 57(4): 546–559
Hill P (1956) The Gold Coast cocoa farmer: a priliminary survey. Oxford University Press, London.
Hill P (1963) The migrant cocoa-farmers of Southern Ghana: a study in rural capitalism. University Press, Cambridge
Hofstede G (1994) Cultures and Organizations. Intercultural Cooperation and its Importance for Survival. Harper Collins Publishers, London
Hoppe M, Faust H (2004) Transmigration and integration in Indonesia — impacts on resource use in the Napu Valley, Central Sulawesi. STORMA Discussion Paper Series Sub-Program A, no 13, Bogor, Göttingen, Kassel
Jamal S, Pomp M (1976) Smallholder adoption of tree crops: A case study of cocoa in Sulawesi. Bull Indonesian Econ Stud 29(3): 69–94
Joseph KV (2002) Migration and changing pattern of land use in Malabar. Journal of Indian School of Political Economy 14(1): 63–81
Kleinhans A, Gerold G (2004) The effects of rainforest conversion on water balance, water yield and seasonal flows in a small tropical catchment in Central Sulawesi. In: Gerold G, Fremerey M, Guhardja E (eds) Land use, nature conservation and the stability of rainforest margins in Southeast Asia. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 353–365
Kreisel W, Weber R, Faust H (2004) Historical impacts on use and management of natural resources in the rainforest margins of Central Sulawesi. In: Gerold G, Fremerey, M, Guhardja E (eds) Land use, nature conservation and the stability of rainforest margins in Southeast Asia. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 39–65
Laine T (2004) Methodology for Comparing Agent-based Models of Land-use Decisions. In: Lovett MC, Schunn CD, Lebiere C, Munro P (eds) Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Cognitive Modeling: 6thICCM 2004, integrating models, July 30–August 1, 2004. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwa, pp 410–411
Li TM (2002) Local Histories, Global Markets: Cocoa and Class in Upland Sulawesi. Development and Change 33(3): 415–437
Maertens M (2003) Economic modelling of agricultural land-use patterns in forest frontier areas: theory, empirical assessment and policy implications for Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. dissertation.de, Berlin.
Mitchell D (2003) Cultural Geography. Blackwell, Oxford
Pelras C (1996) The Bugis. Blackwell, Oxford
Pelras C (1998) Bugis culture: a tradition of modernity. In: Robinson K, Paeni M (eds) Living through histories: culture, history and social life in South Sulawesi. Department of Anthropology, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, pp 19–28
Peluso NL (2005) Seeing property in land use: Local territorializations in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Danish Journal of Geography 105(1): 1–15
Perz SG, Aramburú C, Bremner J (2005) Population, land use and deforestation in the Pan Amazon Basin: a comparison of Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú and Venezuela. Environment, Development and Sustainability 7(1): 23–49
Pichón FJ, Bilsborrow R (1999) Land use systems, deforestation, and demographic factors in the humid tropics: Farm-level evidence from Ecuador. In: Bilsborrow R, Hogan D (eds) Population and deforestation in the humid tropics. IUSSP, Liege, pp 175–207
Pieterse JN (1994) Globalisation as Hybridisation. International Sociology 9(2): 161–184
Rodgers WM (1991) The significance of access to land as a determinant of Kenya’s interregional migration. World Development 19(7): 921–926
Ruf F (1995) Booms et Crises du Cacao: Les Vertiges de l’Or Brun. Karthala, Paris
Ruf F, Ehret P (1993) Compétitivité et cycles du cacao: vrais et faux problèmes sous éclairage Indonésien. In: Etienne G, Griffon M, Guillaumont P (eds) Afrique-Asie: Performances agricoles comparées. Edition de la Revue française d’Economie, Paris, pp 255–301
Schulze CH, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tscharntke T (2004a) Effects of land use on butterfly communities at the rain forest margin: a case study from Central Sulawesi. In: Gerold G, Fremerey M, Guhardja E (eds) Land use, nature conservation and the stability of rainforest margins in Southeast Asia. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 282–297
Schulze CH, Waltert M, Kessler PJA., Pitopang R, Shahabuddin, Veddeler D, Mühlenberg M, Gradstein SR, Leuschner C, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tscharntke T (2004b): Biodiversity indicator groups of different land-use systems: comparing plants, birds, and insects. Ecol Appl 14(5): 1321–1333
Schwarze S (2004) Determinants of income generating activities of rural households: a quantitative study in the vicinity of the Lindu-Lindu National Park in Central Sulawesi/Indonesia. Niedersächsische Staats-und Universit ätsbibliothek, Göttingen
Sitorus MTF (2002) Land, ethnicity and the competing power: agrarian dynamics in forest margin communities in Central Celebes, Indonesia. STORMA Discussion Paper Series Sub-Program A, no 5, Bogor, Göttingen, Kassel
Smith N (2000) Socializing culture, radicalizing the social. Sozial & Cultural Geography 1: 25–28
Southgate D, Sierra R, Brown L (1991) The causes of tropical deforestation in Ecuador: A statistical analysis. World Development 19(9): 1145–1151
Thomas A (1993) Psychologie interkulturellen Lernens und Handelns. In: Thomas A (ed) Kulturvergleichende Psychologie. Hogrefe Verlag für Psychologie, Göttingen
Thomas A (1999) Kultur als Orientierungssystem und Kulturstandards als Bauteile. IMIS-Beiträge 10: 91–130
Turner BL, Skole D, Sanderson S, Fischer G, Fresco L, Leemans R (1995) Land-use and Land-cover Change Science/Research Plan. IGBP/HDP, Stockholm Geneva
Turner BI, Turner BC, Clark RW, Kates JF, Richards JT, Meyer WB (eds, 1990) The Earth as Transformed by Human Action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Tylor EB (1871) Primitive culture: researches into the development of mythology, philosophy, religion, language, art and custom: in two volumes. Murray, London
Van Rheenen T, Elbel C, Schwarze S, Nuryartono N, Zeller M, Sanim B (2004) Encroachments on Primary Forests: Are They Really Driven by Dispair? In: Gerold G, Fremerey M, Guhardja E (eds) Land use, nature conservation and the stability of rainforest margins in Southeast Asia. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 199–213
Venema B, Mguild A (2003) Access to Land and Berber Ethnicity in the Middle Atlas, Morocco. Middle Eastern Studies 39(4): 35–53
Waltert M, Lankau M, Maertens M, Härtel M, Erasmi S, Mühlenberg M (2004) Predicting the loss of bird species from deforestation in Central Sulawesi. In: Gerold G, Fremerey, M, Guhardja E (eds) Land use, nature conservation and the stability of rainforest margins in Southeast Asia. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 327–349
Watson RT, Noble IR, Bolin B, Ravindranath NH, Verado DJ, Dokken DJ (eds, 2001) Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Weber R (2006) Kulturlandschaftswandel in Zentralsulawesi: Historisch-geographische Analyse einer indonesischen Bergregenwaldregion. Universitätsverlag Göttingen, Göttingen
Weber R, Kreisel W, Faust H (2003) Colonial interventions on cultural landscape of Central Sulawesi by Ethical Policy — Impacts of the Dutch rule in Palu and Kulawi valley 1905–1942. Asian Journal of Social Science 31(3):398–434
Welsh W (1999) Tranculturality: The Puzzling Form of Cultures Today. In: Featherstone M, Lash S (eds) Spaces of Culture. City — Nation — World. Sage, London, pp 194–213
Wood CH (1992) Demographic perspectives on ecological disorder in Bazilian Amazonia. In: Kosinski L (ed) Ecological Disorder in Amazonia: Social aspects. ISSC, Rio de Janeiro, pp 129–148
Wood C, Perz S (1996) Population and land-use changes in the Bazilian Amazon. In: Ramphal S, Sinding SW (eds) Population growth and environmental issues. Praeger, Westport, pp 95–108
Wood C, Skole D, Perz S, Caetano A (1996) Population and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. PAA, New Orleans
Yaron G (2001) Forest, Plantation Crops or Small-scale Agriculture? An Economic Analysis of Alternative Land Use Options in the Mount Cameroon Area. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 44(1): 85–108
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Weber, R., Faust, H., Schippers, B., Mamar, S., Sutarto, E., Kreisel, W. (2007). Migration and ethnicity as cultural impact factors on land use change in the rainforest margins of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. In: Tscharntke, T., Leuschner, C., Zeller, M., Guhardja, E., Bidin, A. (eds) Stability of Tropical Rainforest Margins. Environmental Science and Engineering. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30290-2_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30290-2_20
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-30289-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-30290-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)