Fertility Decline, Social Networks, and Individualization

Abstract

Postponement of parenthood, a comparably low number of children, and voluntary childlessness are characteristic features of Western societies (see Chapter 2). Researchers often refer to processes of modernization and individualization when explaining fertility decline. Focusing on a cultural explanation for individual behavior, they describe the modernization process as representing fundamental changes in norms and values, and increasing the autonomy of the individual: individuals are confronted with a growing number of opportunities and fewer restrictions by their social environment, as well as with the increasing necessity to shape “their own life” (Beck, 1995). In line with the individualization thesis the argumentation often starts with the observation that – relative to the past – individuals today are increasingly set free from “traditional” bonds, from social structures common in industrial societies. Note that “traditional” is not defined as classic sociologists would, in terms of religious or estate bonds in pre-modern times, but in terms of class and family bonds as well as gender roles (Volkmann, 2000). However, individuals do not necessarily become disengaged; traditional bonds can be replaced by new types of bonds (Beck, 1986). The increase in individual autonomy has led to a decrease in formerly ubiquitous living arrangements and an acceptance of a variety of different ways to organize one's life. Having children is no longer self-evident, but has become a matter of choice. Moreover, having children is just one option among many others, and these alternatives are often regarded as incompatible with having children.