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Herder and Heine: Reflections on Affinities

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Heine-Jahrbuch 2004
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Abstract

One of the conventions of Herder research appears to be the general acceptance of his anonymity when it comes to Rezeptionsgeschichte. Hans Dietrich Irmscher has observed that Herder s insights, both in the Ideen and in the Humanitätsbriefe, because they expressed what was timely when they were published, were quickly absorbed and were considered henceforth as part of an »anonymous intellectual estate.« Irmscher went on to suggest that luminaries of German Geistesgeschichte from Humboldt and Hegel to Nietzsche and beyond were significantly indebted to Herders »anonymous Gedankengut1 I have long been troubled by this convention. My choice of Heinrich Heine as one of the recipients of Herder s »anonymous Gedankengut« was prompted on the one hand by Heines repeated references to Herder in almost reverential tones, and on the other by the scarcity of detailed studies, in both the Herder and Heine literatures, examining the ralationship. To be sure, there are significant exceptions to the generally rather tentative allusions in the Heine literature to Herder s possible or likely influence. Chief among them is Frederick M. Barnard’s profoundly revealing study »Particularity, Universality, and the Hebraic Spirit: Heine and Herder,« published more than two decades ago. Focusing upon the »uniqueness and universality« that form the »dual strains within the Hebrew tradition, […] and their problematic tension, which so powerfully fascinated both Heine and Herder,« Barnard makes clear that »[…] by the time Heine was writing, Herder s ideas had become so deeply ingrained in the texture of contemporary thought that Heine (like others before and after him) was not always aware in a number of his salient themes, of their Herderian origins.«2

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  1. Jewish Social Studies, XLIII, No. 2, Spring 1981, 121–131. See also F. M. Barnard: Herder on Nationality, Humanity, and History. Montreal & Kingston 2003. Barnard’s new book, which came to me by the courtesy of the author as I was about to send off this article, brings together his previous research with recent findings. Of particular interest here is Chapter 3, »Heine and Herder,« pp. 66–84. Barnard presents a forceful brief for some of the affinities suggested in my paper, including references to striking similarities of language. In his very pertinent discussion of particularity and universality interacting in both Heine and Herder, Barnard strongly rejects the use of the term »cosmopolitanism« in reference to either. His reference to their aversion to the term is well taken. See also Sikander Singh, »Heinrich Heine und die deutsche Literatur des 18. Jahrhunderts, in: HJb 39 (2000), 69–94.

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  2. See, for example, Martin Bollacher, »Aufgeklärter Pantheismus« Die Deutung der Geschichte in Heines Schrift Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland,« Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, 49 (1975), No. 2, 265–314; Jürgen Brummack, ed.: Heinrich Heine. Epoche-Werk-Wirkung München 1980;

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  3. Günther E. Grimm, Ursula Breymayer, Walter Erhart: Ein Gefühl von freierem Leben. Deutsche Dichter in Italien. Stuttgart 1990;

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  4. Katharina Mommsen: Heines lyrische Anfänge im Schatten der Karlsbader Beschlüsse. — In: Wissen aus Erfahrungen (Festschrift für Hermann Meyer), Alexander Bormann et al., eds. Tübingen 1976, 453–473;

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  5. Gerhard Sauder: »Blasphemisch-religiöse Körperwelt. Heinrich Heines ›Hebräische Melodien.‹« — In: Wolfgang Kuttenkeuler, Heinrich Heine Artistik und Engagement. Stuttgart 1977,118–143;

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  6. Manfred Windfuhr: Herders Konzept von Volksliteratur. Ein Beitrag zur literarischen Mentalitätsforschung. — In: Jahrbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache, 6 (1980), 32–49.

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  7. »In general I believe one can go too far in combing the Saint Simonian doctrine and Enfan-tin’s sometimes paranoid utterances to find the sources of Heine’s thinking. He did his own thinking, and he did not so much absorb influences as use them, setting his own priorities and stresses according to a quite sturdy inner pattern.« Jeffrey L. Sammons: Heinrich Heine. Princeton 1979,165.

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  8. »Daß seine politische Einstellung elitär, abstrakt-monarchistisch oder gar cäsaristisch gewesen ist, daß die Gattung des Romans aus verschiedenen Gründen außerhalb seiner Fähigkeiten lag, daß es mit seinem für den aktuellen Europadiskurs so unentbehrlich gewordenen Kosmopolitismus nicht weit her war, daß seine Standpunkte oft widersprüchlich und manchmal opportunistisch und seine Lebensführung zeitweise fragwürdig gewesen sind und daß er möglicherweise nicht immer und konkurrenzlos recht hatte, sondern daß seine Kritiker und Gegner auch unter Umständen ihre Gründe haben könnten, das waren unbrauchbare Perspektiven.« Jeffrey L. Sammons, Review of Manfred Windfuhr: Rätsel Heine. Autorprofil-Werk-Wirkung. (Beiträge zur Literatur-, Sprach-und Medienwissenschcaft 133). Heidelberg 1997. — In: Arbitrium, XIX 1/2001, 88–90.

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  9. Manfred Windfuhr, »Unsere großen Meister«. Materialien zu Heines intellektuellem Deutschlandbild. — In: Rätsel Heine. Autorprofil — Werk — Wirkung. Heidelberg 1997, 185–209, 199.

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  10. Renate Francke: »Damit sie die Geister entzünde und die Herzen treffe, rede die Philosophie in verständlichen Tönen!« Eine unbekannte Quelle für Heines philosophische Studien. — In: HJb 38 (1999)» 91–104.

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  11. For information on Heine’s private library and his use of the university libraries of Bonn and Göttingen, see Eberhard Galley: Heinrich Heines Privatbibliothek, — In: HJB 1 (1962), 96–116,

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  12. and Walter Kanowsky: Heine als Benutzer der Bibliotheken in Bonn und Göttingen, — In: HJb 12 (1973), 129–153. Kanowsky suggests that the list of titles signed out provided by him contains only the smaller portion of the books actually used, and that there is evidence for the diligent excerpting carried on by Heine in the libraries (136). The list of the books signed out in Bonn and Göttingen covers the years 1820 to 1825. The references are to the »Vulgata,« Johann Gottfried von Herders sämtliche Werke, hrsg. von Maria Carolina v. Herder, Wilhelm Gottfried v. Herder, Christian Gottlob Heyne, Johann Georg Müller und Johannes v. Müller, 45 Bde., Tübingen: 1805–20 ff. They include parts of the »Adrastea,« the »Zerstreute Blätter« and the Volkslieder Sammlung.

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  13. Gunter E. Grimm: Kunst als Schule der Humanität: Betrachtungen zur Funktion griechischer Plastik in Herders Kunstphilosophie. — In: Gerhard Sauder, ed., Johann Gottfried Herder 1744–1803, Hamburg 1987, 352–363, 361–62. Grimm refers to the sixth Sammlung of the »Humanitätsbriefe,« FA VII, 361–434, esp. 363–365.

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  14. Gerhard Höhn: Heine-Handbuch. Zeit, Person, Werk. 2nd ed., Stuttgart-Weimar 1997, 226–228, 308–311.

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  15. Renate Stauf: Der problematische Europäer. Heinrich Heine im Konflikt zwischen Nationenkritik und gesellschaftlicher Utopie. Heidelberg 1997, 268–292.

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  16. Fritz Mende: Bekenntnis 1837. Heinrich Heines Einleitung zum Don Quixote.‹ — In: HJb 6. (1967), 47–66.

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  17. Jürgen Ferner: Versöhnung und Progression. Zum geschichtsphilosophischen Denken Heinrich Heines. Bielefeld 1994, 165.

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  18. Friedrich Sengle: Biedermeierzeit. Deutsche Literatur im Spannungsfeld zwischen Restauration und Revolution. 3 vols. Stuttgart 1971–1980; repr. 1998. For Sengle’s »stupendous erudition« see Jeffrey L. Sammons: German Quarterly. 47 (1974), 287–292 (Review of Sengle Vol. I), 292–295 (Review of Vol. II), 54. (1981), 359–363 (Review of Vol. III). The citation is from the review of Vol. I, p. 287.

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Menze, E.A. (2004). Herder and Heine: Reflections on Affinities. In: Kruse, J.A. (eds) Heine-Jahrbuch 2004. J.B. Metzler, Stuttgart. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-02888-4_9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-02888-4_9

  • Publisher Name: J.B. Metzler, Stuttgart

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