Zusammenfassung
Das Streben nach politischer Autonomie war in den 1980er und 1990er Jahren der zentrale Gegenstand für sehr viele der heftigsten und längsten Konflikte der Welt. Die Protagonisten dieser Konflikte waren auf der einen Seite politisch organisierte ethnische Gruppen, die nach größerer Autonomie oder Unabhängigkeit strebten, und auf der anderen Seite Regierungen, die versuchten, die zentrale Staatsgewalt in ihren Staaten und deren territoriale Integrität zu bewahren. Die Kosten an Menschenleben von einigen dieser Konflikte waren erschreckend, so zum Beispiel zwischen 1983 und 1999 zwei Millionen Tote unter der Zivilbevölkerung im Sudan und mehr als 140.000 in Bosnien1. Jeder Staat mit einer heterogenen Bevölkerung und regional konzentrierten Minderheiten ist dem Risiko separatistischer Konflikte ausgesetzt. Allerdings sind solche Konflikte nicht per se gewaltsam. Viele Gruppen, die sich in ihrer Kultur von anderen unterscheiden, verfolgen separatistische Ziele mit gewaltlosen politischen Mitteln, zum Beispiel die Tataren in der Russischen Föderation und die First Nations of Canada. Die 16 Nachfolgestaaten der Sowjetunion erreichten ihre Unabhängigkeit praktisch ohne Gewalt ebenso wie sich die Tschechische und die Slowakische Republik 1993 friedlich voneinander trennten. Selbst wenn es bei separatistischen Konflikten zu organisierter Gewalttätigkeit gekommen ist, gibt es die Chance, den Konflikt auf dem Verhandlungsweg beizulegen, wie es im palästinensisch-israelischen Konflikt und im zwanzigjährigen Krieg zwischen den Chakma der Chittagong-Bergregion und der Regierung von Bangladesh der Fall war.
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Gurr, T.R., Pitsch, A. (2002). Ethnopolitische Konflikte und separatistische Gewalt. In: Heitmeyer, W., Hagan, J. (eds) Internationales Handbuch der Gewaltforschung. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-80376-4_12
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