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An Approach to Cancer Risk Assessment and Carcinogenic Potential for Three Classes of Agricultural Pesticides

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Natural Resource Management: Ecological Perspectives

Part of the book series: Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection ((SUPP))

Abstract

Sometimes, it is not for decades that the devastating effects of pesticides are recognized scientifically. Even then, specific substances can become clouded in controversy, while their victims continue to suffer, due to differing scientific opinions. Thus, a comprehensive approach to cancer risk assessment is required, based on the latest models of carcinogenesis. Pesticides are a broad category of chemicals including insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides which help to eliminate the various agricultural pests encountered in farming. There are a number of parameters that are relevant to investigations into the deleterious effects of chemical pesticides. The main ones include toxicity, mutagenicity, tumorigenicity, reproductive disruption, endocrine disruption, DNA damage, necrosis, apoptosis, and teratogenicity. Generally, the more of these categories a chemical profile fits, the greater the likelihood that it is potentially dangerous and carcinogenic. The greater number of species a chemical affects adversely, the more likely it is to have a negative impact on living organisms as a whole. There are basically three major methods available to cancer researchers conducting experiments into specific pesticides. Firstly, there are the epidemiology and statistics from farming communities or other populations at risk. However, it can be difficult and challenging to identify exposure to specific chemicals, due to the diverse nature of farming activities. Secondly, animal studies can provide useful information, but sometimes these are limited in scope due to a completely different biochemical detoxification pathway in humans. Thirdly, there are human cell culture studies. These can be highly informative in healthy cells but are of limited value in transformed or cancer cells since these also often display different biochemical pathways. An approach to carcinogenic potential based on all these criteria is adopted for three classes of pesticides including organochlorines, organophosphates, and dithiocarbamates. One example is used from each category: DDT and some of its metabolites are the chosen example for organochlorines; chlorpyrifos is the example investigated for organophosphates; and mancozeb is the example explored in the category of dithiocarbamates.

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Abbreviations

AT:

Ataxia-telangiectasia

Bcl-2:

B-cell lymphoma 2

DDD:

1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane

DDE:

dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene

DDT:

dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

IFN:

Interferon

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor kappa B

PCB:

Polychlorinated biphenyl

PI3-K:

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

UV:

Ultraviolet

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Acknowledgments

The author would gratefully like to acknowledge the help of Professor Rajinder Peshin of Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, India, and Drs. A. K. Dhawan and Balwinder Singh of Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana, India, for sharing their data. Professor Paul J. Hergenrother, University of Illinois, is specially acknowledged for preparing the chemical structures and correct chemical names.

[This paper is dedicated to the memory of Dr. A. S. Atwal, the founding father of Apiculture and Ecology in modern India, and also to that of his student-successor, Dr. G. S. Dhaliwal.]

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  1. Moondust Cosmetics Ltd., West Vancouver, BC, Canada

    Chanda Siddoo-Atwal

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  1. Division of Agricultural Extension Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Chatha Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Rajinder Peshin

  2. The Indian Ecological Society, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

    Ashok K. Dhawan

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Siddoo-Atwal, C. (2019). An Approach to Cancer Risk Assessment and Carcinogenic Potential for Three Classes of Agricultural Pesticides. In: Peshin, R., Dhawan, A. (eds) Natural Resource Management: Ecological Perspectives . Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99768-1_7

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