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Natural Resource Management: Ecological Perspectives pp 165–183Cite as

Exploiting Chemical Ecology for Developing Novel Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Africa

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Part of the book series: Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection ((SUPP))

Abstract

Push-pull, a novel approach for integrated management of insect pests, weed and soil fertility, was developed through the exploitation of chemical ecology and agro-biodiversity to address agricultural constraints facing millions of resource-poor African farmers. The technology was developed by selecting appropriate plants that naturally emit signalling chemicals (semiochemicals) and influence plant-plant and insect-plant interactions. Plants highly attractive for egg laying by lepidopteran cereal stemborer pests were selected and employed as trap crops, to draw pests away from the main cereal crops. Among these, Pennisetum purpureum produced significantly higher levels of volatile cues (stimuli), used by gravid stem borer females to locate host plants, than maize (Zea mays) or sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Despite its attractiveness to stemborer moths, P. purpureum supported minimal survival of the pests’ immature stages. Plants that repelled stem borer moths, notably Melinis minutiflora and forage legumes in the genus Desmodium, were selected as intercrops, which also attracted natural enemies of the pests through emission of (E)-β-ocimene and (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene. Desmodium intercrop suppressed parasitic weed, Striga hermonthica, through an allelopathic mechanism. Their root exudates contain novel flavonoid compounds which stimulate suicidal germination of S. hermonthica seeds and dramatically inhibit its attachment to the host roots. We identified and selected new drought- and temperature-tolerant trap [Brachiaria ( B. brizantha × B. ruziziensis ) cv. mulato] and intercrop plants (Desmodium, e.g. D. intortum) suitable for drier agroecologies. The new trap and intercrop plants also have appropriate chemistry in controlling stemborers, a new invasive pest, fall armyworms and parasitic striga weeds. Opportunities for semiochemical delivery by companion plants, including plant-plant signalling and early herbivory alert, are explored for developing future smart integrated pest management (IPM) strategies.

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Abbreviations

BBSRC:

Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council

BIRE:

Biological Interactions in The Root Environment

DFID:

Department for International Development

FAW:

Fall armyworm

GC-EAG:

Coupled gas chromatography–electroantennography

GDP:

Gross domestic product

HIPVs:

Herbivore-induced plant volatiles

IPM:

Integrated pest management

OPV:

Open pollinated varieties

SDC:

Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation

SDG:

Sustainable Development Goals

SSA:

Sub-Saharan Africa

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge financial support to ICIPE provided by the following organizations and agencies: the European Union, Biovision Foundation, UK Department for International Development (DFID), Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and the Kenyan Government. The views expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of these donors. The studies within the push-pull program are conducted in collaboration with Rothamsted Research of the UK, which receives grant-aided support from the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), with additional funding provided under the Biological Interactions in the Root Environment (BIRE) initiative. Various roles played by all partners and collaborators, including farmers, are greatly acknowledged too.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya

    Zeyaur R. Khan, Charles A. O. Midega & Jimmy Pittchar

  2. Cardiff University, School of Chemistry, Cardiff, UK

    John A. Pickett

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  1. Zeyaur R. Khan
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  2. Charles A. O. Midega
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  3. Jimmy Pittchar
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Correspondence to Zeyaur R. Khan .

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  1. Division of Agricultural Extension Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Chatha Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Rajinder Peshin

  2. The Indian Ecological Society, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

    Ashok K. Dhawan

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Khan, Z.R., Midega, C.A.O., Pittchar, J., Pickett, J.A. (2019). Exploiting Chemical Ecology for Developing Novel Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Africa. In: Peshin, R., Dhawan, A. (eds) Natural Resource Management: Ecological Perspectives . Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99768-1_10

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