Skip to main content
Book cover

Towards User-Centric Transport in Europe pp 149–171Cite as

Active Mobility: Bringing Together Transport Planning, Urban Planning, and Public Health

Part of the Lecture Notes in Mobility book series (LNMOB)

Abstract

Active mobility is related to various positive effects and is promoted in urban planning, transport planning, and in public health. The goals of these three disciplines differ in many respects but have a strong overlap in the ambition to foster active mobility. Until now, efforts for strengthening active mobility have typically not been combined, but rather promoted separately within each discipline. This paper presents a review of research on determinants and impacts of active mobility and of policy measures for supporting active mobility, including the three disciplines of transport planning, urban planning, and public health. The paper further shows the different perspectives and ambitions of the three disciplines and, simultaneously, the substantial synergies that can be gained from an interdisciplinary collaboration in research and practice.

Keywords

  • Active mobility
  • Walking
  • Cycling
  • Public health
  • Planning

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99756-8_11
  • Chapter length: 23 pages
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
eBook
USD   139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • ISBN: 978-3-319-99756-8
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
Softcover Book
USD   179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Hardcover Book
USD   179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Learn about institutional subscriptions
Fig. 1
Fig. 2

References

  • Aditjandra PT, Mulley C, Nelson JD (2013) The influence of neighbourhood design on travel behaviour: empirical evidence from North East England. Trans Policy 26:54–65

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Ahrens G-A, Hubrich S, Ließke F, Wittwer R (2010) Zuwachs des städtischen Autoverkehrs gestoppt!? Aktuelle Ergebnisse der Haushaltsbefragung “Mobilität in Städten – SrV 2008”. Straßenverkehrstechnik 54(12):769–777

    Google Scholar 

  • Ajzen I (1991) The theory of planned behaviour. Organ Behav Hum Decis Proc 50:179–211

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Alfonzo MA (2005) To walk or not to walk? The hierarchy of walking needs. Environ Behav 37(6):808–836

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Ball K, Bauman A, Leslie E, Owen N (2001) Perceived environmental aesthetics and convenience and company are associated with walking for exercise among Australian adults. Prev Med 33:434–440

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Ball K, Timperio A, Salmon J, Giles-Corti B, Roberts R, Crawford D (2007) Personal, social and environmental determinants of educational inequalities in walking: a multilevel source. Epidemiol Community Health 61:108–114

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Bamberg S, Schmidt P (2003) Incentives, morality, or habit? Predicting students’ car use for university routes with the models of Ajzen, Schwartz, and Triandis. Environ Behav 35(2):264–285

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Banister D (2007) Cities, urban form and sprawl: a European perspective by David Banister (United Kingdom). Organisation for Economic co-operation and development (OECD), European conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT): transport, urban form and economic growth, Round table 137

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck LF, Greenspan AI (2007) Why don’t more children walk to school. J Safety Res 39:449–452

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Bentley R, Jolley D, Kavanagh AM (2010) Local environments as determinants of walking in Melbourne, Australia. Soc Sci Med 70:1806–1815

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatia R, Wier M (2011) “Safety in Numbers” re-examined: Can we make valid or practical inferences from available evidence? Accid Anal Prev 43(1):235–240

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Bird SR, Radermacher H, Sims J, Feldman S, Browning C, Thomas S (2010) Factors affecting walking activity of older people from culturally diverse groups: an Australian experience. J Sci Med Sport 13:417–423

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Böcker L (2014) Climate, weather and daily mobility, transport mode choices and travel experiences in the Randstad Holland, Utrecht University

    Google Scholar 

  • Borst HC, Miedema HME, de Vries SI, Graham JMA, van Dongen JEF (2008) Relationships between street characteristics and perceived attractiveness. J Environ Psychol 28:353–361

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Borst HC, de Vries SI, Graham JMA, van Dongen JEF, Bakker I, Miedama HME (2009) Influence of environmental street characteristics on walking route choice of elderly people. J Environ Psychol 29:477–484

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Braun LM, Rodriguez DA, Cole-Hunter T, Ambros A, Donaire-Gonzalez D, Jerrett M, Mendez MA, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, de Nazelle A (2016) Short-term planning and policy interventions to promote cycling in urban centers: findings from a commute mode choice analysis in Barcelona, Spain. Transp Res Part A 89:164–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Buehler R, Pucher J, Gerike R, Goetschi T (2016) Reducing car dependence in the heart of Europe: lessons from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Trans Rev 36:1–25

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Bühler R (2012) Determinants of bicycle commuting in the Washington, DC region: the role of bicycle parking, cyclist showers, and free car parking at work. Transp Res Part D 17:525–531

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Bühler R, Pucher J, Merom D, Bauman A (2011) Active travel in Germany and the U.S. contributions of daily walking and cycling to physical activity. Am J Prev Med 41(3):241–250

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson SA, Paul P, Watson KB, Schmid TL, Fulton JE (2016) How reported usefulness modifies the association between neighborhood supports and walking behavior. Prev Med 91:76–81

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Carnegie MA, Bauman A, Marshall AL, Mohsin M, Westley-Wise V, Booth ML (2002) Perceptions of the physical environment, stage of change for physical activity and walking among Australian adults. Res Q Exerc Sport 73(2):146–155

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Carver A, Panter JR, Jones AP, van Sluijs AMF (2014) Independent mobility on the journey to school: a joint cross-sectional and prospective exploration of social and physical environmental influences. J Trans Health 1:25–32

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Carver A, Tomperio AF, Crawford DA (2015) Bicycles gathering dust rather than raising dust—prevalence and predictors of cycling among Australian school children. J Sci Med Sport 18:540–544

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Cervero R (1996) Mixed land-uses and commuting: evidence from the American housing survey. Transp Res Part A 30(5):361–377

    Google Scholar 

  • Cervero R, Duncan M (2003) Walking, bicycling, and urban landscapes: evidence from the San Francisco Bay area. Am J Public Health 93(9):1478–1483

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Cervero R, Sarmiento OL, Jacoby E, Gomez LF, Neiman A (2009) Influences of built environments on walking and cycling: lessons from Bogotá. Int J Sustain Transp 3:203–226

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Christiansen LB, Madsena T, Schipperijn J, Ersbøll AK, Troelsen J (2014) Variations in active transport behavior among different neighborhoods and across adult life stage. J Transp Health 1:316–325

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Clark AF, Scott DM (2013) Does the social environment influence active travel? An investigation of walking in Hamilton, Canada. J Trans Geogr 31:278–285

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Damant-Sirois G, El-Geneidy AM (2015) Who cycles more? Determining cycling frequency through a segmentation approach in Montreal, Canada. Transp Res Part A 77:113–125

    Google Scholar 

  • de Geus B, de Bourdeaudhuij I, Jannesm C, Meeusen R (2008) Psychological and environmental factors associated with cycling for transport among a working population. Health Educ Res 23(4):679–708

    Google Scholar 

  • De Witte A, Hollevoet J, Dobruszkes F, Hubert M, Macharis C (2013) Linking modal choice to motility: a comprehensive review. Transp Res Part A 49:329–341

    Google Scholar 

  • Deka D (2013) An explanation of the relationship between adults’ work trip mode and children’s school trip mode through the Heckman approach. J Transp Geogr 31:54–63

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Dill J, Carr T (2003) Bicycle commuting and facilities in major U.S. cities: if you build them, commuters will use them. Transp Res Rec 1828:116–123

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Downward P, Rasciute S (2015) Assessing the impact of the national cycle network and physical activity lifestyle on cycling behaviour in England. Transp Res Part A 78:425–437

    Google Scholar 

  • Elvik R (2009) The non-linearity of risk and the promotion of environmentally sustainable transport. Accid Anal Prev 41(4):849–855

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • European Commission (EC) (2014) Cleaner air for all (fact sheet). http://ec.europa.eu/environment/pubs/pdf/factsheets/air/en.pdf. 17 Dec 2017

  • European Commission (EC) (2015) Road safety in the European Union. https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/road_safety/pdf/vademecum_2015.pdf. 17 Dec 2017

  • European Commission (EC) Environmental Noise Directive (2002/29/EC)

    Google Scholar 

  • European Environment Agency (EEA) (2017a) Greenhouse gas emissions from transport. https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/transport-emissions-of-greenhouse-gases/transport-emissions-of-greenhouse-gases-10. 17 Dec 2017

  • European Environment Agency (EEA) (2017b) Exceedance of air quality standards in urban areas. https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/exceedance-of-air-quality-limit-3/assessment-3. 17 Dec 2017

  • European Environmental Agency (EEA) (2017c) Road traffic remains biggest source of noise pollution in Europe

    Google Scholar 

  • European Union (EU) (2007) Leipzig Charter on sustainable European cities. Informal ministerial meeting on urban development and territorial cohesion

    Google Scholar 

  • European Union (EU) (2016) The pact of Amsterdam: Urban Agenda for the EU. Informal meeting of EU ministers responsible for urban matters

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewing R, Cervero R (2010) Travel and the built environment. J Am Planning Assoc 76(3):265–294

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Forschungsgesellschaft für Straßen- und Verkehrswesen (FGSV) (2011) Empfehlungen zur Straßenraumgestaltung innerhalb bebauter Gebiete

    Google Scholar 

  • Forschungsgesellschaft für Straßen- und Verkehrswesen (FGSV) (2014) Hinweise zur Nahmobilität – Strategien zur Stärkung des nichtmotorisierten Verkehrs auf Quartiers- und Ortsteilebene

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster S, Villanueva K, Wood L, Christian H, Giles-Corti B (2014) The impact of parents’ fear for strangers and perceptions of informal social control on children’s independent mobility. Health Place 26:60–68

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Gehl J (2010) Cities for people. Island Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerike R, Koszowski C (2017) Sustainable urban transportation. Encycl Sustain Technol 379–391

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerike R, Parkin J (2015) Cycling futures. From research into practice. Ashgate

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerike R, Becker T, Friedemann J, Hülsmann F, Heidegger F (2012) Mapping external noise costs to the transport users—conceptual issues and empirical results. In: Proceedings of the Euronoise 9th European conference on noise control, Prague, 10–13 June 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerike R, de Nazelle A, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Panis L I, Anaya E Avila-Palencia I, Boschetti F; Brand C, Cole-Hunter T, Dons E, Eriksson U, Gaupp-Berghausen M, KahlmeierS, Laeremans M, Mueller N, Orjuela JP, Racioppi F, Raser E, Rojas-Rueda D, Schweizer C, Standaert A, Uhlmann T, Wegener S, Götschi T (2016) Physical Activity through Sustainable Transport Approaches (PASTA): a study protocol for a multicenter project. BMJ Open 6(1)

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Ghani F, Rachele JN, Washington S, Rurrell G (2016) Gender and age differences in walking for transport and recreation: are the relationships the same in all neighborhoods. Prev Med Rep 4:75–80

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Ghekiere A, van Cauwenberg J, Carver A, Mertens L, de Geus B, Clarys P, Cardon G, de Bourdeaudhuij I, Deforche B (2016) Psychosocial factors associated with children’s cycling for transport: a cross-sectional moderation study. Prev Med 86:141–146

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Giles-Corti B, Donovan R (2002) The relative influence of individual, social and physical environment determinants of physical activity. Soc Sci Med 54:1793–1817

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Giles-Corti B, Bull F, Knuiman M, McCormack G, van Niel K, Timperio A, Christian H, Foster S, Divitini M, Middleton N, Boruff B (2013) The influence of urban design on neighbourhood walking following residential relocation: longitudinal results from the RESIDE study. Soc Sci Med 77:20–30

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • GIZ – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit: Recommendations for Mobility Master Planning, 2015

    Google Scholar 

  • Götschi T, Tainio M, Maizlish N, Schwanen T, Goodman A, Woodcock J (2015) Contrasts in active transport behaviour across four countries: how do they translate into public health benefits? Prev Med 74:42–48

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Götschi T, Garrard J, Giles-Corti B (2016) Cycling as a part of daily life: a review of health perspectives. Trans Rev 36(1):45–71

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Götschi T, de Nazelle A, Brand C, Gerike R (2017) Towards a comprehensive conceptual framework of active. Travel behavior: a review and synthesis of published frameworks. Curr Environ Health Rep 4:86–295

    Google Scholar 

  • Guliani A, Mitra R, Buliung RN, Larsen K, Faulkner GEJ (2015) Gender-based differences in school travel mode choice behaviour: examining the relationship between the neighbourhood environment and perceived traffic safety. J Trans Health 2:502–511

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Guo Z (2009) Does the pedestrian environment affect the utility of walking? A case of path choice in downtown Boston. Transp Res Part D 14:343–352

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Guo JY, Bhat CR, Copperman RB (2010) Effect of the built environment on motorized and non-motorized trip making: substitutive, complementary or synergistic. Trans Res Rec 1–11:2007

    Google Scholar 

  • Handy SL, Xing Y, Buehler TJ (2010) Factors associated with bicycle ownership and use: a study of six small U.S. cities. Transportation 37:967–985

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Handy S, van Wee B, Kroesen M (2014) Promoting cycling for transport: research needs and challenges. Trans Rev 34(1):4–24

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen KB, Nielsen TAS (2014) Exploring characteristics and motives of long distance commuter cyclists. Transp Policy 35:57–63

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Harms L, Bertoloni L, te Brömmelstroet M (2014) Spatial and social variations in cycling patterns in a mature cycling country exploring differences and trends. J Trans Health 1:232–242

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Haustein S, Hunecke M (2007) Reduced use of environmentally friendly modes of transportation caused by perceived mobility necessities: an extension of the theory of planned behavior. J Appl Soc Psychol 37(8):1856–1883

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Haybatollahi M, Czepkiewicz M, Laatikainen T, Kyttä M (2015) Neighbourhood preferences, active travel behaviour and built environment: an exploratory study. Transp Res Part F 29:57–69

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Heath GW, Parra DC, Sarmiento OL, Andersen LB, Owen N, Goenka S, Montes F, Brownson RC (2012) Evidence-based intervention in physical activity: lessons from around the world. Lancet 380(9838):272–281

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Heinen E (2011) Bicycle commuting. Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Delft Centre for Sustainable Urban Areas, 43

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinen E, Maat K, van Wee B (2011) The role of attitudes toward characteristics of bicycle commuting on the choice to cycle to work over various distances. Transp Res Part D 16:102–109

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Heinen E, Maat K, van Wee B (2013) The effect of work-related factors on the bicycle commute mode choice in the Netherlands. Transportation 40:23–43

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Helbich M, van Emmichoven MJZ, Dijst MJ, Kwan M-P, Pierik FH, de Vries SI (2016) Natural and built environment exposures on children’s active school travel: a Dutch global positioning system-based cross-sectional study. Health Place 39:101–109

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Hoehner CM, Brennan Ramirez LK, Elliot MB, Handy SL, Brownson RC (2005) Perceived and objective environmental measures and physical activity among urban adults. Am J Prev Med 28:105–116

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Hooper P, Knuiman M, Foster S, Giles-Corti B (2015) The building blocks of “Liveable Neighbourhood”: identifying the key performance indicators for walking of an operational planning policy in Perth, Western Australia. Health Place 36:173–183

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt JD, Abraham JE (2007) Influences on bicycle use. Transportation 34:453–470

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen P (2003) Safety in numbers: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling. Inj Prev 9(3):205–209

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Kamargianni M (2015) Investigating next generation’s cycling ridership to promote sustainable mobility in different types of cities. Res Transp Econ 53:45–55

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Kang C-D (2015) The effects of spatial accessibility and centrality to land use on walking in Seoul, Korea. Cities 46:94–103

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan S, Sick Nielsen TA, Prato CG (2016) Walking, cycling and the urban form: a Heckman selection model of active travel mode and distance by young adolescence. Transp Res Part D 44:55–95

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Kitamura R, Mokhtarian PL, Laidet L (1997) A micro-analysis of land use and travel in five neighborhoods in the San Francisco Bay Area. Transportation 24:125–158

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Kotval-Karamchandani Z, Vojnovic I (2015) The socio-economics of travel behavior and environmental burdens: a Detroit, Michigan regional context. Transp Res Part D 41:477–491

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Kroesen M, Handy S, Chorus C (2017) Do attitudes case behavior or vice versa? An alternative conceptualization of the attitude-behavior relationship in travel behavior modelling. Transp Res Part A 101:190–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamíquiz J, López-Domínguez J (2015) Effects of built environment on walking at the neighbourhood scale. A new role for street networks by modelling their configurational accessibility? Transp Res Part A 74:148–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee JS, Zegras PC, Ben-Joseph E (2013) Safely active mobility for urban baby boomers: the role of neighborhood design. Accid Anal Prev 61:153–166

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Lee C, Yoon J, Zhu X (2016) From sedentary to active school commute: multi-level factors associated with travel mode shifts. Prev Med 95:28–36

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Lindström M, Moghaddassi M, Merlo J (2003) Social capital and leisure time physical activity: a population based multilevel analysis in Malmö, Sweden. J Epidemiol Community Health 57:23–28

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Lowry MB, Furth P, Hadden-Loh T (2016) Prioritizing new bicycle facilities to improve low-stress network connectivity. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract 86:124–140

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Marquet O, Miralles-Guasch C (2015a) Neighbourhood vitality and physical activity among the elderly: the role of walkable environments on active ageing in Barcelona, Spain. Soc Sci Med 135:24–30

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Marquet O, Miralles-Guasch C (2015b) The walkable city and the importance of the proximity environments for Barcelona’s everyday mobility. Cities 42:258–266

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Maslow AH (1954) Motivation and personality. New York, Harper & Row

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald NC (2007) Travel and the social environment: evidence from Alameda County, California. Transp Res Part D 12:53–63

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller N, Rojas-Rueda D, Cole-Hunter T, de Nazelle A, Dons E, Gerike R, Götschi T, Panis LI, Kahlmeier S, Nieuwenhuijsen M (2015) Health impact assessment of active transportation: a systematic review. Prev Med 76:103–114

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller N, Rojas-Rueda D, Basagana X, Cirach M, Cole-Hunter T, Dadvand P, Donaire-Gonzales D, Foraster M, Gascon M, Martinez D, Tonne C, Triguero-Mas M, Valentin A, Nieuwenhuijsen M (2017) Urban and transport planning related exposures and mortality: a health impact assessment for cities. Environ Health Perspect 125:89–96

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Ogilvie D, Bull F, Powell J, Cooper AR, Brand C, Mutrie N, Preston J, Rutter H (2011) An applied ecological framework for evaluating infrastructure to promote walking and cycling: the iConnect study. Am J Public Health 101(3):473–481

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Ogilvie D, Bull F, Cooper AR, Rutter H, Adams E, Brand C, Ghali K, Jones T, Mutrie N, Powell J, Preston J, Sahlqvist S, Song Y (2012) Evaluating the travel, physical activity and carbon impacts of a “natural experiment” in the provision of new walking and cycling infrastructure: methods for the core module of the iConnect study. BMJ Open 2(1):1–13

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Panis LI, de Geus B, Vandenbulcke G, Willems H, Degraeuwe B, Bleux N, Mishra V, Thomas I, Meeusen R (2010) Exposure to particulate matter in traffic: a comparison of cyclists and car passengers. Atmos Environ 44(19):2263–2270

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Parkin J, Koorey G (2009) Network planning and infrastructure design. Cycl Sustain 131–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Pikora T, Giles-Corti B, Bull F, Jamrozik K, Donovan R (2003) Developing a framework for assessment of the environmental determinants of walking and cycling. Soc Sci Med 56:1693–1703

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Prins R, Pierik F, Etman E, Sterkenburg R, Kamphuis S, Van Lenthe F (2014) How many walking and cycling trips made by elderly are beyond commonly used buffer sizes: results from a GPS study. Health Place 27:127–133

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Pucher J, Buehler R, Seinen M (2011) Bicycling renaissance in North America? An update and re-appraisal of cycling trends and policies. Transp Res Part A 45:451–475

    Google Scholar 

  • Sallis J, Cervero R, Ascher W, Henderson K, Kraft M, Kerr J (2006) An ecological approach to creating active living communities. Annu Rev Public Health 27:297–322

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Sallis JF, Owen N, Fisher EB (2008) Ecological models of health behavior. Health behavior and health education: theory, research, and practice, 4th edn. Jossey-Bass 465–486

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider RJ (2013) Theory of routine mode choice decisions: an operational framework to increase sustainable transportation. Transp Policy 25:128–137

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Singleton PA, Clifton KJ (2015) The theory of travel decision-making: a conceptual framework of active travel behavior. Transportation research board 94th annual meeting. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/trec_seminar/84/. 21 Dec 2017

  • Stead D, Marshall S (2001) The relationships between urban form and travel patterns: an international review and evaluation. Eur J Trans Infrastruct Res 1:113–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Su J, Jarrett M, Mcconnel R, Berhane K, Dunton G, Shankardass K, Reynolds K, Chang R, Wolch J (2013) Factors influencing whether children walk to school. Health Place 22:153–161

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Tainio M, de Nazelle A, Götschi T, Kahlmeier S, Rojas-Rueda D, Niuwenhuijsen M, de Sá TH, Kelly Kelly P, Woodcock J (2016) Can air pollution negate the health benefits of cycling and walking? Prev Med 87:233–236

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Van Acker V, Van Wee B, Witlox F (2010) When transport geography meets social psychology: toward a conceptual model of travel behaviour. Transp Rev 30(2):219–240

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Van Cauwenberg J, Van Holle V, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Clarys P, Nasar J, Salmon J, Maes L, Goubert L, Van de Weghe N, Deforche B (2014) Physical environmental factors that invite older adults to walk for transportation. J Environ Psychol 38:94–103

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Van Goeverden C, De Boer E (2013) School travel behaviour in the Netherlands and Flanders. Transp Policy 26:73–84

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • von Below A (2016) Verkehrssicherheit von Radfahrern: Analyse sicherheitsrelevanter Motive, Einstellungen und Verhaltensweisen. Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen

    Google Scholar 

  • Warburton DE, Nicol CW, Bredin SS (2006) Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. Can Med Assoc J 174(6):801–809

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Winters M, Davidson G, Kao D, Teschke K (2011) Motivators and deterrents of bicycling: comparing influences on decisions to ride. Transportation 38:153–168

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Wittwer R (2014) Zwangsmobilität und Verkehrsmittelorientierung junger Erwachsener: Eine Typologisierung, Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Transport Planning And Road Traffic, 16

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittwer R, Hubrich S (2016) What happens beneath the surface? Evidence and insights into changes in urban travel behaviour in Germany. Transp Res Procedia 14:4304–4313

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organisation (WHO) (2009) Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GlobalHealthRisks_report_full.pdf. 17 Dec 2017  

  • World Health Organisation (WHO) (2011) Action plan for implementation of the European strategy for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases 2012–2016. http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/cancer/publications/2011/eurrc6112-action-plan-for-implementation-of-the-european-strategy-for-the-prevention-and-control-of-noncommunicable-diseases-20122016. 17 Dec 2017

  • World Health Organisation (WHO) (2017) Prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases in the European Region: a progress report. 2014 <http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/cancer/publications/2013/prevention-and-control-of-noncommunicable-diseases-in-the-european-region-a-progress-report. 17 Dec 2017

Download references

Acknowledgements

Funding for the research project “Active Mobility: Improved quality of life in urban agglomerations” has been received from the German Environment Agency—UBA, and the research benefited from the European Union project “PASTA—Physical Activity Through Sustainable Transport Approaches”.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chair of Integrated Transport Planning and Traffic Engineering, “Friedrich List” Faculty of Transportation and Traffic Sciences, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany

    Caroline Koszowski, Regine Gerike, Stefan Hubrich, Maria Pohle & Rico Wittwer

  2. University of Zurich, Physical Activity and Health, CH-8001, Zurich, Switzerland

    Thomas Götschi

  3. Fraunhofer Institute for Transportation and Infrastructure Systems, 01069, Dresden, Germany

    Maria Pohle

Authors
  1. Caroline Koszowski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Regine Gerike
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Stefan Hubrich
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Thomas Götschi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Maria Pohle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Rico Wittwer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Caroline Koszowski .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Future Mobility and Europe, VDI/VDE Innovation und Technik GmbH, Berlin, Germany

    Dr. Beate Müller

  2. Future Mobility and Europe, VDI/VDE Innovation und Technik GmbH, Berlin, Germany

    Dr. Gereon Meyer

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Koszowski, C., Gerike, R., Hubrich, S., Götschi, T., Pohle, M., Wittwer, R. (2019). Active Mobility: Bringing Together Transport Planning, Urban Planning, and Public Health. In: Müller, B., Meyer, G. (eds) Towards User-Centric Transport in Europe. Lecture Notes in Mobility. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99756-8_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99756-8_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-99755-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-99756-8

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)