Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Non-native Pines Are Homogenizing the Ecosystems of South America

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover From Biocultural Homogenization to Biocultural Conservation

Part of the book series: Ecology and Ethics ((ECET,volume 3))

Abstract

A large area previously dominated by native ecosystems in South America is now covered by monocultures of non-native tree species, mainly of the genus Pinus. Currently, pine plantations and the invasions that have been generated from these are causing a homogenization process at the landscape, stand, and even micro-site scales. The continuous and extensive areas covered by pine plantations have replaced the native ecosystem heterogeneity in many landscapes of South America. Within these plantations, the diversity of plants and animals is lower than that of the nearest remnant native ecosystems. These plantations can also act as a barrier to the movement of species across the landscape. In addition, in most places where pine plantations have been established, invasions have occurred into the surrounding ecosystems. Overall, pine invasions are more evident in open ecosystems (e.g., grasslands, steppes, and degraded native forest), but they can also occur in denser vegetation (e.g., temperate forests). Native species loss as a consequence of pine invasions has been recorded in tropical, mediterranean, and temperate ecosystems. Increased pine abundance and the resultant native species loss bring changes to all levels of organization within the ecosystem, from soil microorganisms to invertebrates, plants, and vertebrates. These changes reduce the ecosystem’s spatial heterogeneity and thus cause biotic homogenization. These biodiversity losses can affect the stability of ecosystems by decreasing their resilience to environmental change and disturbances. To mitigate the impacts caused by pines, it is important to implement comprehensive landscape planning, understanding that pine plantations coexist and interact with other land uses in a complex ecological and social setting.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aber J, Christensen N, Fernandez I, Franklin J, Hidinger L, Hunter M, MacMahon J, Mladenoff D, Pastor J, Perry D, Slangen R, van Miegroet H (2000) Applying ecological principles to management of the U.S. National Forests. Issues Ecol 6:1–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Abreu RCR, Durigan G (2011) Changes in the plant community of a Brazilian grassland savannah after 22 years of invasion by Pinus elliottii Engelm. Plant Ecol Divers 4:269–278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abreu RCR, Assis GB, Frison S, Aguirre A, Durigan G (2011) Can native vegetation recover after slash pine cultivation in the Brazilian Savanna? For Ecol Manag 262:1452–1459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armesto JJ, Manuschevich D, Mora A, Smith-Ramirez C, Rozzi R, Abarzúa AM, Marquet P (2010) From the Holocene to the Anthropocene: a historical framework for land cover change in southwestern South America in the past 15,000 years. Land Use Policy 27(2):148–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braga EP, Zenni RD, Hay JD (2014) A new invasive species in South America: Pinus oocarpa Schiede ex Schltdl. Biol Invasion Rec 3:207–211

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun A, Troeger D, García R, Aguayo M, Barra R, Vogt J (2017) Assessing the impact of plantation forestry on plant biodiversity. A comparison of sites in Central Chile and Chilean Patagonia. Glob Ecol Conserv 10:159–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bravo-Monasterio P, Pauchard A, Fajardo A (2016) Pinus contorta invasion into treeless steppe reduces species richness and alters species traits of the local community. Biol Invasions 18:1883–1894

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briones R, Jerez V (2007) Efecto de la edad de la plantación de Pinus radiata en la abundancia de Ceroglossus chilensis (Coleoptera: Carabidae) en la Región del Biobío, Chile. Bosque 28(3):207–214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks ML, D’Antonio CM, Richardson DM, Grace JB, Keeley JE (2004) Effects of invasive plants on fire regimes. Bioscience 54:677–688

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buckley YM, Brockerhoff E, Langer L, Ledgard N, North H, Rees M (2005) Slowing down a pine invasion despite uncertainty in demography and dispersal. J Appl Ecol 42:1020–1030

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bustamante R, Castor C (1998) The decline of an endangered ecosystem: the Ruil (Nothofagus alessandrii) forest in Central Chile. Biodivers Conserv 7:1607–1626

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bustamante RO, Simonetti JA (2005) Is Pinus radiata invading the native vegetation in Central Chile? Demographic responses in a fragmented forest. Biol Invasions 7:243–249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bustamante RO, Serey IA, Pickett STA (2003) Forest fragmentation, plant regeneration and invasion processes across edges in Central Chile. In: Bradshaw GA, Marquet PA, Mooney HA (eds) How landscapes change: human disturbance and ecosystem disruption in the Americas. Ecological studies, vol 162. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 145–160

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Carnus JM, Parrotta J, Brockerhoff EG, Arbez M, Jactel H, Kremer A, Lamb D, O’Hara K, Walters B (2006) Planted forests and biodiversity. J For 104(2):65–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapela IH, Osher LJ, Horton TR, Henn MR (2001) Ectomycorrhizal fungi introduced with exotic pine plantations induce soil carbon depletion. Soil Biol Biochem 33(12):1733–1740

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cóbar-Carranza A, García R, Pauchard A, Peña E (2014) Effect of Pinus contorta invasion on forest fuel properties and its potential implications on the fire regime of Araucaria araucana and Nothofagus antarctica forests. Biol Invasions 16:2273–2291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CONAF (Corporación Nacional Forestal) (2017) Análisis de la Afectación y Severidad de los Incendios Forestales ocurridos en enero y febrero de 2017 sobre los usos de suelo y los ecosistemas naturales presentes entre las regiones de Coquimbo y Los Ríos de Chile. Informe Técnico. 56 p. Santiago, Chile

    Google Scholar 

  • Cubbage F, Mac Donagh P, SawinskiJúnior J, Rubilar R, Donoso P, Ferreira A, Hoeflich V, Olmos VM, Ferreira G, Balmelli G, Siry J, Báez MN, Alvarez J (2007) Timber investment returns for selected plantation and native forests in South America and the southern United States. New For 33(3):237–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Oliveira SM, Boll PK, Baptista VD, Leal-Zanchet AM (2014) Effects of pine invasion on land planarian communities in an area covered by Araucaria moist forest. Zool Stud 53:19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Villalobos AE, Zalba SM, Peláez DV (2011) Pinus halepensis invasion in mountain pampean grassland: effects of feral horses grazing on seedling establishment. Environ Res 111(7):953–959

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Debinski DM, Ray C, Saveraid EH (2001) Species diversity and the scale of the landscape mosaic: do scales of movement and patch size affect diversity? Biol Conserv 98:179–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dickie IA, Johnston P (2008) Invasive fungi research priorities, with a focus on Amanita muscaria. Landcare research control report LC0809/027. Lincoln, New Zealand

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickie IA, Reich PB (2005) Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities at forest edges. J Ecol 93(2):244–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dickie IA, Bolstridge N, Cooper JA, Peltzer DA (2010) Co-invasion by Pinus and its mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 187:475–484

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickie IA, Yeates GW, St John MG, Stevenson BA, Scott JT, Rillig MC, Peltzer DA, Orwin KH, Kirschbaum MU, Hunt JE, Burrows LE (2011) Ecosystem service and biodiversity trade-offs in two woody successions. J Appl Ecol 48:926–934

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dickie IA, Stjohn MG, Yeates GW, Morse CW, Bonner KI, Orwin K, Peltzer DA (2014) Belowground legacies of Pinus contorta invasion and removal result in multiple mechanisms of invasional meltdown. AoB Plants 6:1–15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickie IA, Nuñez MA, Pringle A, Lebel T, Tourtellot SG, Johnston PR (2016) Towards management of invasive ectomycorrhizal fungi. Biol Invasions 18(12):3383–3395

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dickie IA, Bufford JL, Cobb RC, Desprez-Loustau ML, Grelet G, Hulme PE, Klironomos J, Makiola A, Nuñez MA, Pringle A, Thrall PH, Tourtellot SG, Waller L, Williams NM (2017) The emerging science of linked plant-fungal invasions. New Phytol 15(4):1314–1332. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14657

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Echeverría C, Coomes D, Newton A, Salas J, Rey JM, Lara A (2006) Rapid fragmentation and deforestation of Chilean temperate forests. Biol Conserv 130:481–494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Echeverría C, Coomes D, Newton A, Rey-Benayas JM, Lara A (2007) Impacts of forest fragmentation on species composition and forest structure in the temperate landscape in southern Chile. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 16:426–439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Essl F, Moser D, Dullinger S, Mang T, Hulme PE (2010) Selection for commercial forestry determines global patterns of alien conifer invasions. Divers Distrib 16:911–921

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Essl F, Mang T, Dullinger S, Moser D, Hulme PE (2011) Macroecological drivers of alien conifer naturalizations worldwide. Ecography 34:1076–1084

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2010) Global forest resources assessment 2010. FAO, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Farley KA, Jobbagy EG, Jackson RB (2005) Effects of afforestation on water yield: a global synthesis with implications for policy. Glob Chang Biol 11:1565–1576

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franzese J, Raffaele E (2017) Fire as a driver of pine invasions in the southern hemisphere: a review. Biol Invasions 2017:1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Franzese J, Urrutia J, García RA, Taylor K, Pauchard A (2017) Pine invasion impacts on plant diversity in Patagonia: invader size and invaded habitat matter. Biol Invasions 19:1015–1027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman B, Zelazny V, Beaudette D, Fleming T, Flemming S, Forbes G, Gerrow JS, Johnson G, Woodley S (1996) Biodiversity implications of changes in the quantity ofdead organic matter in managed forests. Environ Rev 4(3):238–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gámez-Virués S, Perović DJ, Gossner MM, Börschig C, Blüthgen N, de Jong H, Simons NK, Klein AM, Krauss J, Maier G, Scherber C, Steckel J, Rothenwöhrer C, Steffan-Dewenter I, Weiner CN, Weisser W, Werner M, Tscharntke T, Westphal C (2005) Landscape simplification filters species traits and drives biotic homogenization. Nat Commun 6:8568. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9568

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerrand A, Keenan RJ, Kanowski P, Stanton R (2003) Australian forest plantations: an overview of industry, environmental and community issues and benefits. Aust For 66:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gjerde I, Saetersdal M (1997) Effects on avian diversity of introducing spruce (Picea sp.) plantations in the native pine (Pinus sylvestris) forests of western Norway. Biol Conserv 79:241–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gómez P, Bustamante R, San Martin J, Hahn S (2011) Population structure of Pinus radiate D. Don in fragments of Maulino Forest in Central Chile. Gayana Botanica 68(1):97–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gundale MJ, Pauchard A, Langdon B, Peltzer DA, Maxwell BD, Nuñez MA (2014) Can model species be used to advance the field of invasion ecology? Biol Invasions 16(3):591–607

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gundale MJ, Almeida JP, Wallander H, Wardle DA, Kardol P, Nilsson MC, Fajardo A, Pauchard A, Peltzer DA, Ruotsalainen S, Mason B, Rosenstock N (2016) Differences in endophyte communities of introduced trees depend on the phylogenetic relatedness of the receiving forest. J Ecol 104:1219–1232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartley MJ (2002) Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantation forests. For Ecol Manag 155:81–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann H, Gaëtan D, Bigué B, Messier C (2010) Negative or positive effects of plantation and intensive forestry on biodiversity: a matter of scale and perspective. For Chron 86:354–364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayward J, Horton TR, Pauchard A, Nuñez MA (2015a) A single ectomycorrhizal fungal species can enable a Pinus invasion. Ecology 96(5):1438–1444

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayward J, Horton TR, Nuñez MA (2015b) Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities co invading with Pinaceae host plants in Argentina: Gringos bajo el bosque. New Phytol 208(2):497–506

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heilmayr R, Echeverría C, Fuentes R, Lambin E (2016) A plantation-dominated forest transition in Chile. Appl Geogr 75:71–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heinrichs S, Pauchard A (2015) Struggling to maintain native plant diversity in a peri-urban reserve surrounded by a highly anthropogenic matrix. Biodivers Conserv 24:2769–2788

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins SI, Richardson DM (1999) Predicting plant migration rates in a changing world: the role of long-distance dispersal. Am Nat 153:464–475

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kruger FJ, Breytenbach GJ, Macdonald IAW, Richardson DM (1989) The characteristics of invaded Mediterranean climate regions. Biological invasions. In: Drake JA, Mooney HA, di Castri F, Groves RH, Krüger FJ, Rejmanek M, Williamson M (eds) Biological invasions: a global perspective. Wiley, Chichester, pp 181–213

    Google Scholar 

  • Langdon B, Pauchard A, Aguayo M (2010) Pinus contorta invasion in the Chilean Patagonia: local patterns in a global context. Biol Invasions 12:3961–3971

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson S, Danell K (2001) Science and the management of boreal forest biodiversity. Scand J For Res 16(Suppl 3):5–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ledgard NJ (2001) The spread of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) in New Zealand. For Ecol Manag 141:43–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ledgard N (2003) What’s wrong with wilding trees? NZ Tree Grow 24(1):18–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Little C, Lara A, McPhee J, Urrutia R (2008) Revealing the impact of forest exotic plantations on water yield in large scale watersheds in South-Central Chile. J Hydrol 374:162–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Losey JE, Vaughan M (2006) The economic value of ecological services provided by insects. Bioscience 56:311–323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loydi A, Distel RA, Zalba SM (2010) Large herbivore grazing and non-native plant invasions in montane grasslands of Central Argentina. Nat Areas J 30(2):148–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lusk C (2008) Constraints on the evolution and geographical range of Pinus. New Phytol 178(1):1–3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mandle L, Bufford JL, Schmidt IB, Daehler CC (2011) Woody exotic plant invasions and fire: reciprocal impacts and consequences for native ecosystems. Biol Invasions 13:1815–1827

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McWethy DB, Pauchard A, García RA, Holz A, González ME, Veblen TT, Stahl J, Currey B (2018) Landscape drives of recent fire activity (2001-2017) in south-central Chile. PLoS ONE 13(8):e020119

    Google Scholar 

  • Nahuelhual L, Carmona A, Lara A, Echeverría C, González M (2012) Land-cover change to forest plantations: proximate causes and implications for the landscape in south-central Chile. Landsc Urban Plan 107:12–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Najera A, Simonetti JA (2010) Enhancing avifauna in commercial plantations. Conserv Biol 24:319–324

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nuñez MA, Dickie IA (2014) Invasive belowground mutualists of woody plants. Biol Invasions 16:645–661

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nuñez MA, Horton TR, Simberloff D (2009) Lack of belowground mutualisms hinders Pinaceae invasions. Ecology 90:2352–2359

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nuñez MA, Hayward J, Horton TR, Amico GC, Dimarco RD, Barrios MN, Simberloff D (2013) Exotic mammals disperse exotic fungi that promote invasion by exotic trees. PLoS One 8(6):e66832

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nuñez MA, Chiuffo MC, Torres A, Paul T, Dimarco R, Raal P, Policelli N, Moyano J, García RA, van Wilgen BW, Pauchard A, Richardson D (2017) Ecology and management of invasive pines around the world: progress and challenges. Biol Invasions 19:3099–3120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orlovich DA, Cairney JG (2004) Ectomycorrhizal fungi in New Zealand: current perspectives and future directions. NZ J Bot 42(5):721–738

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paritsis J, Aizen MA (2008) Effects of exotic conifer plantations on the biodiversity of understory plants, epigeal beetles and birds in Nothofagus dombeyi forests. For Ecol Manag 255:1575–1583

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pauchard A, Langdon B, Peña E (2008) Potencial invasivo de Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco en Bosques Nativos del Centro-Sur de Chile: patrones y recomendaciones. In: Mujica R, Grosse H, Muller-Using B (eds) Bosques Seminaturales: una opción para la rehabilitación de bosques nativos degradados. Instituto Forestal, Santiago, pp 89–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Pauchard A, García RA, Zalba S, Sarasola M, Zenni R, Ziller S, Núñez M (2015) Pine invasions in South America: reducing their ecological impacts trough active management. In: Canning-Clode J (ed) Biological invasions in changing ecosystems. Vectors, ecological impacts, management and predictions. De Gruyter Open Ltd, Warsaw/Berlin, pp 318–342

    Google Scholar 

  • Pauchard A, Escudero A, García RA, de la Cruz M, Langdon B, Cavieres LA, Esquivel J (2016) Pine invasions in treeless environments: dispersal overruns microsite heterogeneity. Ecol Evol 6(2):447–459

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pawson SM, McCarthy JK, Ledgard NJ, Didham RK (2010) Density-dependent impacts of exotic conifer invasion on grassland invertebrate assemblages. J Appl Ecol 47:1053–1062

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peay KG, Bidartondo MI, Arnold EA (2010) Not every fungus is everywhere: scaling to the biogeography of fungal–plant interactions across roots, shoots and ecosystems. New Phytol 185:878–882

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peña E, Valenzuela L (2008) Incremento de los incendios forestales en bosques naturales y plantaciones forestales en Chile. In: González-Cabán A (ed) Memorias del segundo simposio internacional sobre políticas, planificación y economía de los programas de protección contra incendios forestales: una visión global. General technical report PSW-GTR-208. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwesr Research Station, Albany, pp 595–612

    Google Scholar 

  • Peña E, Hidalgo M, Langdon B, Pauchard A (2008) Patterns of spread of Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. invasion in a natural reserve in southern South America. For Ecol Manag 256:1049–1054

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Potton C (1994) A public perception of plantation forestry. NZ For 39(2):2–3

    Google Scholar 

  • Rejmánek M, Richardson DM (1996) What attributes make some plant species more invasive. Ecology 77:1655–1661

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson DM (2001) Plant invasions. In: Levin S (ed) Encyclopedia of biodiversity. Academic, San Diego, pp 677–688

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson DM (2006) Pinus: a model group for unlocking the secrets of alien plant invasions? Preslia 78:375–388

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson DM, Brown PJ (1986) Invasion of Mesic mountain fynbos by Pinus radiata. S Afr J Bot 52:529–536

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson DM, Higgins S (1998) Pines as invaders in the southern hemisphere. In: Richardson DM (ed) Ecology and biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 450–473

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson DM, Williams PA, Hobbs RJ (1994) Pine invasions in the southern hemisphere: determinants of spread and invadability. J Biogeogr 21:511–527

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson DM, Van Wilgen BW, Nuñez MA (2008) Alien conifer invasions in South America: short fuse burning? Biol Invasions 10:573–577

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivera Y, Kretzer AM, Horton TR (2015) New microsatellite markers for the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius sensu stricto reveal the genetic structure of US and Puerto Rican populations. Fungal Ecol 13:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez-Calcerrada J, Nanos N, del Rey M, López de Heredia U, Escribano R, Gil L (2011) Small-scale variation of vegetation in a mixed forest under storey is partly controlled by the effect of overstory composition on litter accumulation. J For Res 16:473–483

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rozzi R, Armesto JJ, Figueroa J (1994) Biodiversidad y conservación de los bosques nativos de Chile: una aproximación jerárquica. Bosque 15:55–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salas C, Donoso PJ, Vargas R, Arriagada C, Pedraza R, Soto D (2016) The forest sector in Chile: an overview and current challenges. J For 114(5):562–571

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarasola M, Rusch V, Schlichter T, Ghersa C (2006) Invasión de coníferas forestales en áreas de estepa y bosques de ciprés de la cordillera en la Región Andino Patagónica. Ecol Austral 16:143–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Simberloff D, Von Holle B (1999) Positive interactions of nonindigenous species: invasional meltdown? Biol Invasions 1:21–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simberloff D, Nuñez MA, Ledgard NJ, Pauchard A, Richardson DM, Sarasola M, van Wilgen BW, Zalba S, Zenni R, Bustamante R, Peña E, Ziller S (2010) Spread and impact of introduced conifers in South America: lessons from other southern hemisphere regions. Austral Ecol 35:489–504

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simonetti J, Grez A, Estades C (2013) Providing habitat for native mammals through understory enhancement in forestry plantations. Conserv Biol 27(5):1117–1121

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith-Ramirez C (2004) The Chilean coastal range: a vanishing center of biodiversity and endemism in South American temperate rainforests. Biodivers Conserv 13(2):373–393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spellerberg I (1996) Plantation forests protect our biodiversity? Too much of a generalization to be true. N Z For 40(4):5–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutton WRJ (1995) Plantation forests protect our biodiversity. N Z For 40(3):2–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor KT, Maxwell BD, Pauchard A, Nuñez MA, Rew LJ (2016) Native versus non-native invasions: similarities and differences in the biodiversity impacts of Pinus contorta in introduced and native ranges. Divers Distrib 22:578–588

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor KT, Maxwell BD, McWethy DB, Pauchard A, Nuñez MA, Whitlock C (2017) Pinus contorta invasions increase wildfire fuel loads and may create a positive feedback with fire. Ecology 98:678–687

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tomasevic JA, Estades CF (2008) Effects of the structure of pine plantations on their “softness” as barriers for ground-dwelling forest birds in south-central Chile. For Ecol Manag 255(3):810–816

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Urrutia J, Pauchard A, García RA (2013) Diferencias en la composición vegetal de un bosque de Araucaria araucana (Molina) K. Koch y Nothofagus antarctica (G. Forst.) Oerst. asociadas a un gradiente de invasión de Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon. Gayana Botanica 70(1):92–100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valduga MO, Zenni RD, Vitule JRS (2016) Ecological studies reveal broad and heterogeneous impacts of exotic tree species plantations – examples from a megadiverse country. Ann Braz Acad Sci 88:1675–1688

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veblen TT, Holz A, Paritsis J, Raffaele E, Kitzberger T, Blackhall M (2011) Adapting to global environmental change in Patagonia: what role for disturbance ecology. Austral Ecol 36:891–903

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vihervaara P, Marjokorpi A, Kumpula T, Walls M, Kamppinen M (2012) Ecosystem services of fast-growing tree plantations: a case study on integrating social valuations with land-use changes in Uruguay. For Pol Econ 14:58–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zenni RD (2015) The naturalized flora of Brazil: a step towards identifying future invasive non-native species. Rodriguésia 66:1137–1144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zenni RD, Ziller SR (2011) An overview of invasive plants in Brazil. Braz J Bot 34:431–446

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

R.G. and A.P. were funded by CONICYT PIA APOYO CCTE AFB170008. R.G. was funded by FONDECYT 11170516. A.P. was funded by FONDECYT 1140485. J.F. was funded by Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (PICT 2014-3466).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile

    Rafael A. García & Aníbal Pauchard

  2. Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago, Chile

    Rafael A. García & Aníbal Pauchard

  3. Laboratorio Ecotono, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (Universidad Nacional del Comahue – CONICET), S. C. Bariloche, Argentina

    Jorgelina Franzese & Yamila Sasal

  4. Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (Universidad Nacional del Comahue – CONICET), S. C. Bariloche, Argentina

    Nahuel Policelli

  5. Setor de Ecologia, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil

    Rafael D. Zenni

  6. Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones, INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Argentina

    Martin A. Nuñez

  7. Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA

    Kimberley Taylor

Authors
  1. Rafael A. García
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jorgelina Franzese
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nahuel Policelli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yamila Sasal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Rafael D. Zenni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Martin A. Nuñez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Kimberley Taylor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Aníbal Pauchard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rafael A. García .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Philosophy and Religion and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA

    Ricardo Rozzi

  2. Departamento Ecuménico de Investigaciones, San José, Costa Rica

    Roy H. May Jr.

  3. Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA

    F. Stuart Chapin III

  4. Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Puerto Williams, Chile

    Francisca Massardo

  5. Human Dimensions of Natural Resources Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA

    Michael C. Gavin

  6. Department of Philosophy and Religion, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA

    Irene J. Klaver

  7. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile

    Aníbal Pauchard

  8. Grupo de Ecología de Invasiones, INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Argentina

    Martin A. Nuñez

  9. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA

    Daniel Simberloff

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

García, R.A. et al. (2018). Non-native Pines Are Homogenizing the Ecosystems of South America. In: Rozzi, R., et al. From Biocultural Homogenization to Biocultural Conservation. Ecology and Ethics, vol 3. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99513-7_15

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation