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Cancer and Infection

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Cancer and AIDS

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Abstract

Chronic infections (CI) contribute disproportionately to cancer causation in resource poor (RP) compared to resource rich (RR) parts of the world, with 26% of cancer cases in the former and 8% in the latter being infection-related. IARC declared only 11 of 3.7 × 1030 microbes on earth as well-established human carcinogens (WEHC), the contributions of which to cancer burden are designated by their “population attributable fractions (PAF).” They include viruses, including EBV, linked with Burkitt lymphoma in Africa, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma in South-East Asia (SEA), hepatitis B and C causing hepatocellular carcinoma, HPV linked to cervical cancer and penile cancer, KSHS linked to endemic and epidemic Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), HTLV-1 linked to the adult T cell lymphoma/leukemia, and HIV, which promotes carcinogenesis through immune deficiency (ID). Others WEHCs are bacterial, including helicobacter pylori, linked to stomach cancer, and macroparasites including schistosoma hematobium, linked to bladder cancer in Africa, opistorchis viverrini and clonorchis sinensis, which cause biliary cancers in SEA. Helminthic infections, like hookworm, facilitate carcinogenesis through ID, e.g. KS. Several other microbes absent in the IARC list include the oncomicrobes, which induce micrometabolites, and are linked to carcinogenesis and cancer drug toxicity or activation. Other CIs transform benign disorders like obesity or genetic disorders like Crohn’s disease to multiple forms of cancers and colo-rectal cancer respectively. Human development and intergeneration associated variations in microbiomes probably contribute to aspects of the global cancer burden disparities, especially on childhood leukemia/lymphoma, resulting from maternal microbiome impact on pre- and postnatal immune system.

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    Christopher Kwesi O. Williams

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Williams, C.K.O. (2019). Cancer and Infection. In: Cancer and AIDS . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99235-8_4

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