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Dallas Willard: Reviving Realism on the West Coast

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The Reception of Husserlian Phenomenology in North America

Part of the book series: Contributions to Phenomenology ((CTPH,volume 100))

Abstract

This article examines the philosophical work of Dallas Willard (1935–2013), Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Southern California. After outlining his major translations, it explores four of Willard’s central theses: (1) that Husserl’s phenomenology of knowledge solved a fundamental puzzle about the objectivity of knowledge; (2) that the success of Husserlian phenomenology’s account of knowledge depended upon Husserl’s ontological insights; (3) that Husserl was already a phenomenologist when Frege was purportedly converting him from psychologism; and (4) that Husserl maintained his early account of knowledge—and thus his realism—throughout his career. Though Willard was instrumental in starting the “Early” or “Realist Phenomenology” movement in America, his philosophical contributions have yet to be fully explored. Therefore, the paper concludes with a guide to those who would like to understand and develop Willard’s work further.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See Susan Bell’s moving obituary for Professor Willard: Susan Bell, “In Memoriam Dallas Willard, 77”, USC Dornsife News, 10 May 2013, http://dornsife.usc.edu/news/stories/1401/in-memoriam-dallas-willard-77 (accessed 5 July 2018). Except where otherwise specified, all papers and books cited below are by Dallas Willard. Most of Willard’s philosophical articles are available in a kind of “draft form” at http://www.dwillard.org/articles/phillist.asp

  2. 2.

    A complete study of American phenomenology’s own theological turn would also include John Crosby—a Catholic, like Sokolowski, but a student of early phenomenology, like Willard—who spent the first 17 years of his career “in the middle” (between Willard’s L.A. and Sokolowski’s D.C.) at the University of Dallas.

  3. 3.

    See Dallas Willard, “How Reason Can Survive the Modern University: The Moral Foundations of Rationality”, in Alice Ramos and Marie I. George, eds. Faith, Scholarship, and Culture in the 21st Century (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2002), 181–91; idem, “A Realist Analysis of the Relationship between Logic and Experience”, Topoi: An International Review of Philosophy 22, no. 1 (2003): 69–78; idem, “Moral Rights, Moral Responsibility, and the Contemporary Failure of Moral Knowledge”, Clark Butler, ed., Guantanamo Bay and the Judicial-Moral Treatment of the Other (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2006), 161–78; Greg Jesson, “The Husserlian Roots of Dallas Willard’s Philosophical and Theological Works: Knowledge of the Temporal and the Eternal”, Philosophia Christi 16, no. 1 (2014): 7–36.

  4. 4.

    Dallas Willard, Logic and the Objectivity of Knowledge: A Study in Husserl’s Philosophy (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1984); Edmund Husserl, Collected Works, vol. 5, Early Writings in the Philosophy of Logic and Mathematics, trans. Dallas Willard (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1994); idem, Collected Works, vol. 10, Philosophy of Arithmetic: Psychological and Logical Investigations with Supplementary Texts from 1887–1901, trans. Dallas Willard (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2003). Willard’s “Translator’s Introduction” to both EW (vii–xlviii) and to PA (xiii–lxiv) are important works of scholarship in their own right.

  5. 5.

    Dretske was only 3 years older than Willard, and would pass away just 2 months after Willard. Willard had been convinced to study LI by William H. Hay (Dallas Willard, Meaning and Universals in Husserl’s ‘Logische Untersuchungen’ [Ph.D. diss.; University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1964], iii; “Translator’s Introduction to EW”, xlvii), who “played a key role … in holding the APA together in the late 1960’s when the APA was transformed into a genuinely national organization (Claudia Card, Terrence Penner, Marcus G. Singer, and Robert G. Turnbull, “William Henry Hay 1917–1997”, Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association 71, no. 5 [May 1998]: 144–47; here: 146). Hay had been introduced to Husserl’s philosophy by Gustav Bergmann (Jesson, “Husserlian Roots”, 27–28; cf. Card et al., “Hay”, 144). For some reason, however, Hay neither directed Willard’s dissertation nor served on Willard’s committee. I suspect he was simply too busy with other departmental work (Hay “was instrumental in the development of graduate studies in philosophy at Wisconsin” and held the record for most dissertations directed [twenty-three] in the department at the time of his passing; Card et al., “Hay”, 145) and thus had the young Dretske assigned the task of director.

  6. 6.

    Edmund Husserl, Logical Investigations, trans. J. N. Findlay (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., 1970). Current edition: idem, Logical Investigations, ed. Dermot Moran, trans. J.N. Findlay (New York: Routledge, 2001).

  7. 7.

    Willard, Meaning and Universals, iii.

  8. 8.

    Adolf Reinach, “Concerning Phenomenology”, trans. Dallas Willard, The Personalist 50, no. 2 (Spring 1969):194–221.

  9. 9.

    In her, “In Memory of Dallas Willard”, Kimberly Baltzer-Jaray wrote: “Dr. Willard was fundamental to the revival and recognition of the Munich and Göttingen phenomenologists, as well as the early work of Husserl. His translation of Adolf Reinach’s lecture ‘Über Phänomenologie’ … introduced many scholars to the world of phenomenological realism and ontology, and the obscure but brilliant mind of Reinach. That translation is still widely read today, and is an excellent testament to Willard’s skill as a translator”. Kimberly Baltzer-Jaray, “In Memory of Dallas Willard”, NASEPblog: Official Blog of The North American Society for Early Phenomenology, 8 May 2013, https://nasepblog.wordpress.com/2013/05/08/in-memory-of-dallas-willard/ (accessed 5 July 2018).

  10. 10.

    Edmund Husserl, “On the Concept of Number”, trans. Dallas Willard, in Robert C. Solomon, ed., Phenomenology and Existentialism (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), 60–61; idem, “Logical Investigations: Forward”, trans. Dallas Willard, in Robert C. Solomon, ed., Phenomenology and Existentialism, 61–62; idem, “Logical Investigations: Psychologism”, trans. Dallas Willard, in Robert C. Solomon, ed., Phenomenology and Existentialism, 62–95; (Phenomenology and Existentialism has now been republished by Rowman & Littlefield, 2001); idem, “A Reply to a Critic of My Refutation of Logical Psychologism”, trans. Dallas Willard, The Personalist 53, no. 1, (Winter 1972): 5–13 (republished in Peter McCormick and Frederick Elliston, eds. Husserl: Shorter Works [Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1981]); idem, “On the Concept of Number: Psychological Analyses”, trans. Dallas Willard, Philosophica Mathematica 9, no. 1 (Summer 1972): 40–52, and 10, no. 1 (Summer 1973): 37–87 (also republished in McCormick and Elliston, eds. Husserl: Shorter Works); idem, “Psychological Studies in the Elements of Logic”, trans. Dallas Willard, The Personalist 58, no. 4 (Oct. 1977): 295–320; idem, “Review of Ernst Schroeder’s Vorlesungen ueber die Algebra der Logik”, trans. Dallas Willard, The Personalist 59, no. 2 (Apr. 1978): 115–43; idem, “The Deductive Calculus and the Logic of Contents”, trans. Dallas Willard, The Personalist 60, no. 1 (Jan. 1979): 1–25; idem, “A. Voigt’s ‘Elementary Logic’, in Relation to My Statements on the Logic of the Logical Calculus”, trans. Dallas Willard, The Personalist 6, no. 1 (Jan. 1979): 26–35.

  11. 11.

    Dallas Willard, “Husserl’s Critique of Extensional Logic: ‘A Logic that Does Not Understand Itself’”, Idealistic Studies 9, no. 2 (May 1979): 143–64 (see 147); idem, “Husserl on a Logic That Failed”, The Philosophical Review 89, no. 1 (January 1980): 46–64 (see 46); idem, LOK, xiv.

  12. 12.

    Willard, LOK, xiv.

  13. 13.

    See Willard, Meaning and Universals, 143; idem, “The Paradox of Logical Psychologism: Husserl’s Way Out”, American Philosophical Quarterly 9, no. 1 (Jan. 1972): 94–100 (esp. 100); idem, “Extensional Logic”, 153, 159–60; LOK, x–xi, 207–18, 248; idem, “Knowledge”, in Barry Smith and David Woodruff Smith, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Husserl (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 138–67 (esp. 163); idem, “Is Derrida’s View of Ideal Being Rationally Defensible?”, in William R. McKenna and Jean-Claude Evans, eds., Derrida and Phenomenology, (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1995), 23–41; idem, “The Theory of Wholes and Parts and Husserl’s Explication of the Possibility of Knowledge in the Logical Investigations”, in Denis Fisette, ed., Husserl’s ‘Logical Investigations’ Reconsidered (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2003), 163–82 (esp. 179–80); idem, “How Naturalism Makes Knowledge of Knowledge Impossible and Thereby Destroys the Possibility of a Rational Moral Existence for Humanity: A Critique of Naturalism in Husserl’s The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology”, presented at the California Phenomenology Circle, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, 4 April 2008, http://old.dwillard.org/articles/artview.asp?artID=162 (accessed 5 July 2018).

    See also: Dallas Willard, “Space, Color, Sense Perception and the Epistemology of Logic”, The Monist 72, no. 1 (1989): 117–33; idem, “Attaining Objectivity: Phenomenological Reduction and the Private Language Argument”, in Liliana Albertazzi and Roberto Poli, eds., Topics in Philosophy and Artificial Intelligence (Bozen: Istituto Mitteleuropeo di Cultura, 1991), 15–21; idem, “Mereological Essentialism Restricted”, Axiomathes 5, no. 1 (1994): 123–44; idem, “The Significance of Husserl’s Logical Investigations”, presented to The Society for the Study of Husserl’s Philosophy at the American Philosophical Association, Albuquerque, NM (7 April 2000), http://old.dwillard.org/articles/artview.asp?artID=60 (accessed 5 July 2018).

  14. 14.

    Willard, Meaning and Universals, 232–39.

  15. 15.

    Willard, “Paradox”, 94.

  16. 16.

    Willard, LOK, 148–65.

  17. 17.

    See Willard, “Paradox” and idem, “Realist Analysis”. See also: idem, LOK, 176–79.

  18. 18.

    Willard, “Paradox”; idem, LOK, 166–85; and idem, “Realist Analysis”.

  19. 19.

    Dallas Willard, “Wholes, Parts and the Objectivity of Knowledge”, in Barry Smith, ed., Parts and Moments: Studies in Logic and Formal Ontology (München: Philosophia Verlag, 1982), 379–400 (here: 381).

  20. 20.

    Ibid., 379–81.

  21. 21.

    Ibid., 380.

  22. 22.

    Ibid., 381.

  23. 23.

    Ibid., 395–96 and Willard, LOK, 205–49.

  24. 24.

    Willard, Meaning and Universals, 91–92, 143, 156.

  25. 25.

    Ibid., ch. 2.

  26. 26.

    Ibid., 156.

  27. 27.

    On the necessity of intuition and fulfillment, see: Willard, LOK, 232; idem, “Knowledge”, 153; and idem, “Theory of Wholes and Parts”, 174. On the reality of symbolic knowledge, see idem, LOK, 135; idem, “Knowledge”, 142–43; and idem, “Translator’s Introduction to PA”, xiv.

  28. 28.

    Willard, “Wholes, Parts”, 392–96; idem, LOK, 169, 194, 218, 232–40; idem, “Finding the Noema”, in John J. Drummond and Lester Embree, eds., Phenomenology of the Noema, (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1992), 29–47 (here: 46–47); idem, “Knowledge”, 151–53; idem, “Realism Sustained?: Interpreting Husserl’s Progression into Idealism”, Questiones Disputatae 3, no. 1 (2012): 20–32.

  29. 29.

    Willard, “Wholes, Parts”; idem, “Theory of Wholes and Parts”; idem, LOK, 218.

  30. 30.

    Willard, “Theory of Wholes and Parts”, 180.

  31. 31.

    Willard, LOK, 176, 194, idem, “Knowledge”, 143, idem, “Theory of Wholes and Parts”, 166.

  32. 32.

    Willard, LOK, 42–44, 54–60, 63; idem, “Theory of Wholes and Parts”, 166–67.

  33. 33.

    See chapters 12 and 13 of Husserl’s PA.

  34. 34.

    Willard, “Translator’s Introduction to EW”, xxii.

  35. 35.

    See Willard, “Logic that Failed”; idem, “Wholes, Parts”, 386; idem, “Translator’s Introduction to EW”; idem, “Translator’s Introduction to PA”, xiv.

  36. 36.

    Ibid., xiv.

  37. 37.

    Willard, LOK, 208, 215; idem, “Knowledge”, 162–63; idem, “Theory of Wholes and Parts”, 179.

  38. 38.

    Willard, “Knowledge”, 142–43.

  39. 39.

    Willard, “Crucial Error”, 523.

  40. 40.

    Willard, “Wholes, Parts”, 379, 397; idem, LOK, 241, 246–47; idem, “Translator’s Introduction to EW”, xxiii; idem, “Theory of Wholes and Parts”, 163; “Realist Analysis”, 77–78.

  41. 41.

    Willard quotes these lines in Willard, “Theory of Parts and Wholes”, 163 (n. 1), but had cited Husserl’s opinion of their importance much earlier, in a paper entitled “Phenomenology and Metaphysics” for the APA Symposium “Husserl’s Ontology” in San Francisco (30 March 1995), http://old.dwillard.org/articles/artview.asp?artID=77 (accessed 5 July 2018).

  42. 42.

    Willard, LOK, 193–94, 262.

  43. 43.

    Willard, “Logic that Failed”; idem, LOK, ch. 3, §5. For an explanation and critique of Willard’s account, as well as of Burt Hopkins’ version of that account, see Micah D. Tillman, “Husserl’s Genetic Philosophy of Arithmetic: An Alternative Reading”, American Dialectic 2, no. 2 (2012): 141–90, http://www.americandialectic.org/volume-ii-2012/v2n2/husserls-genetic-philosophy-of-arithmetic/ (accessed 5 July 2018).

  44. 44.

    Willard, “Translator’s Introduction to PA”, lxii; idem, “The Integrity of the Mental Act: Husserlian Reflections on a Fregian Problem”, in Leila Haaparanta, ed., Mind, Meaning and Mathematics, (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1994), 235–62 (here: 252–55).

  45. 45.

    See the work of the contributors to Haaparanta, ed., Mind, Meaning and Mathematics, as well as to Mirja Hartimo, ed., Phenomenology and Mathetics, Phaenomenologica 195 (New York: Springer, 2010).

  46. 46.

    Willard, LOK, 236.

  47. 47.

    Dallas Willard, “A Critical Study of Husserl and Intentionality”, The Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology 19, no. 2 (May 1988): 186–98 & no. 3 (Oct. 1988): 311–22; idem, “Review of Josef Seifert, Back to Things in Themselves: A Phenomenological Foundation for Classical Realism (New York: Routledge Chapman & Hall, 1987)”, Canadian Philosophical Reviews / Revue Canadienne de Comptes rendus en Philosophie 9, no. 2 (February 1989): 66–69.

  48. 48.

    Willard, “Review of Seifert”, 69. On the topic of constitution, Willard seems to have agreed with Robert Sokolowski’s The Formation of Husserl’s Concept of Constitution, Phaenomenologica 18 (Den Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, 1964).

  49. 49.

    Willard, “Paradox,” 100 (n. 24). The article ends with a statement that it had been received by the journal in 1970.

  50. 50.

    Willard, Meaning and Universals, 99 (n. 31). (The note belongs to a paragraph on p. 52).

  51. 51.

    Ibid., 80.

  52. 52.

    Ibid., 53–54.

  53. 53.

    Ibid., 47.

  54. 54.

    Ibid., n. 25, p. 97.

  55. 55.

    Ibid., 46–47.

  56. 56.

    Though I interpret that answer differently (see Micah D. Tillman, “Husserl’s Mereological Semiotics: Indication, Expression, Surrogation”, The New Yearbook for Phenomenology and Phenomenological Philosophy 12 [2012]: 69–108).

  57. 57.

    Willard, Meaning and Universals, 50. In Findlay’s translation of the second edition, the phrase is “a certain intentional linkage” (Husserl, LI, V, §19, 118). Willard takes the change from “phenomenal” to “intentional” between editions to be perfectly compatible with his reading (Willard, Meaning and Universals, 51).

  58. 58.

    Willard, Meaning and Universals, 50–51; Husserl, LI, V, “Appendix to §11 and §20”, 126.

  59. 59.

    Willard, Meaning and Universals, 50.

  60. 60.

    Ibid., 51–52.

  61. 61.

    See ibid., 19, 151–52, 160; Willard, “Crucial Error”; idem, “Wholes, Parts”, 389. Contrast this with idem, “Theory of Wholes and Parts”, 171.

  62. 62.

    Willard, LOK, 249.

  63. 63.

    Ibid., 243.

  64. 64.

    Willard, “Knowledge”, 151.

  65. 65.

    Ibid., 152 (also 155).

  66. 66.

    Willard, LOK, 243.

  67. 67.

    On the intuition of categorial structures, see Willard, Meaning and Universals, 134–35, and especially idem, LOK, 235–40.

  68. 68.

    Ibid., 42–44, 54–60, 63.

  69. 69.

    Willard, “Translator’s Introduction to EW”, xlvii–xlviii.

  70. 70.

    Willard, “Critical Study I”, 193; idem, “Realism Sustained?”, 24.

  71. 71.

    Willard, “Realism Sustained?”, 25–27.

  72. 72.

    Willard, “Review of Seifert”, 69.

  73. 73.

    On the object intended/object as intended distinction, see: Willard, “Finding the Noema”, 33–34, 41, 44. On appearances, see: ibid., 34, 36, 38, 40.

  74. 74.

    Ibid., 38, 41; Willard, “Realism Sustained?”, 25, 27.

  75. 75.

    Willard, “Critical Study” (Part I), 195, 197.

  76. 76.

    Willard, “Translator’s Introduction to PA”, lxiii.

  77. 77.

    Willard, Meaning and Universals, 149–50; idem, “Finding the Noema”, 44; idem, “Integrity of the Mental Act”, 255; idem, “Translator’s Introduction to EW”, xxx–xxi.

  78. 78.

    Willard, “Realism Sustained?”, 32. On its title page, Questiones Disputatae 3, no. 1, there is a typo: “2010” should read “2011”. Also, it is worth noting that the paper’s title—as presented in the conference program—had no question mark in its title.

  79. 79.

    Willard, “Realism Sustained?” is also available at https://nasepblog.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/willard.pdf (accessed 5 July 2018).

  80. 80.

    Something needs to be done, for example, with Willard’s “ontological principle of determinancy” (from Willard, “Attaining Objectivity”), and more needs to be made of his excellent account of the distinctions between the real, reelle, irreal, irreelle, and Ideal (Willard, “Finding the Noema”, 42–43). See also Willard’s work on the type/token distinction (Willard, Meaning and Universals, 56–68), his insights into the problem of the unity of objects (Willard, Meaning and Universals 113–15), and his original analysis of the extension of predicates and names (Willard, Meaning and Universals, 168–201). Since Willard never gave us a systematic account of his entire epistemic, ontological, and ethical system—though there clearly was at least potentially such an account to be given—Willard scholars have much fruitful research and writing ahead of them.

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  1. Stanford Online High School, Stanford, CA, USA

    Micah D. Tillman

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  1. Holy Apostles College and Seminary, Cromwell, CT, USA

    Michela Beatrice Ferri

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Tillman, M.D. (2019). Dallas Willard: Reviving Realism on the West Coast. In: Ferri, M.B. (eds) The Reception of Husserlian Phenomenology in North America. Contributions to Phenomenology, vol 100. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99185-6_23

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