Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how, in the fight for better behaviour, those who can’t or won’t conform to the norm come to be figured as unreasonable. By investigating reasonableness frameworks from sexual harassment law to ‘reasonable accommodations’ for disability , Kirsty Sedgman examines the places where seemingly common-sense assumptions break down. This chapter uses theatre etiquette to explore broader power dynamics behind the act of ‘being together’ in public space.
Keywords
- Reasonable person
- Disability
- Behaviour policing
- Cultural difference
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Buying options
Notes
- 1.
Speaking personally , I found this exchange extremely difficult to read. The original poster was essentially arguing that the person in question should have been exiled from the performance, despite their obvious disability, because of the fact that this was a persistent cough: one that recurred throughout the production to such an extent that it spoiled the enjoyment of others. In fact, they suggested that their own sense of righteousness had been validated by a practitioner onstage, who during the performance had apparently barked at the theatregoer to be quiet, and then, at the interval, even went so far as to tell the ushers to remove the spectator from the event. This prompted a heated debate online, with people variously challenging and agreeing with the original poster’s assertion that the rights of disabled people to equitable access should reasonably stop at the point where the pleasure of the wider audience is threatened. This example raises a difficult ethical issue for me. I have decided to cite this instance using the ‘heavy disguise’ principle (Bruckman 2002) in acknowledgement of online posters’ right to contextual integrity. This is the recognition of our right as internet users to post on social media and internet chatrooms without fear that our often off-the-cuff statements might be quoted out of their intended context. There is a debate to be had here about whether the researcher of online discourse is ethically obligated to protect somebody who is freely expressing problematic viewpoints in the public domain. However, for the purposes of this book I felt that it would be unhelpfully reductive to draw attention to the controversial views of individuals, choosing instead to stick to my original aim to focus on the ways ideals of reasonableness are structural rather than individual .
- 2.
An interview with the theatre maker Samuel Toye identifies cultural differences in theatregoing expectations, with Italian audiences less strict on ‘things like time-keeping (laughing) – genuinely, in like, established theatres the shows will start half an hour late – it’s amazing […], people use their phones, people talk (Samuel seems amused by my involuntary gasp) – and I’m pretty sure you can have dogs in the audience – it’s mad!’ (Always Time for Theatre 2017: n.p.). See also Johanson and Glow’s (2015) study of a contemporary performance by Indigenous Australian artists as attended by an audience of mostly white and middle-aged’ people, ‘already “converted” to the political, social and cultural importance of Indigenous arts’, as well as Awo Mana Asiedu’s (2016) article ‘The Money Was Real Money’, on audiences’ responses to the Roverman festival of plays at the Ghana National Theatre.
References
Ahmed, Sara (2013 [2000]) Strange Encounters: Embodied Others in Post-coloniality, London: Routledge.
Always Time for Theatre (2017) ‘Interview (Part II): Samuel Toye’, 16 August 2017: https://alwaystimefortheatre.com/2017/08/16/interview-part-ii-samuel-toye.
Amadasun, David Osa (2013) ‘Black People Don’t Go to Galleries: The Reproduction of Taste and Cultural Value’, Media Diversified, 21 October 2013: https://mediadiversified.org/2013/10/21/black-people-dont-go-to-galleries-the-reproduction-of-taste-and-cultural-value.
Armour, Jody David (1997) Negrophobia and Reasonable Racism: The Hidden Costs of Being Black in America, New York: New York University Press.
Asheeke, Toivo (2018) ‘“Lost Opportunities”: The African National Congress of South Africa (ANC-SA)’s Evolving Relationship with the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) in Exile, 1970–1979’, South African Historical Journal 70:3, pp. 519–541.
Asiedu, Awo Mana (2016) ‘The Money Was Real Money’, Theatre Research International 41:2, pp. 151–67.
Brake, Mike (1974) ‘The Skinheads: An English Working Class Subculture’, Youth & Society 6:2, pp. 179–200.
Broadway League, The (2018) ‘The Demographics of the Broadway Audience 2016–2017 Season’, January 2018: www.broadwayleague.com/research/research-reports.
Brook, Peter (2017 [1999]) Between Two Silences: Talking with Peter Brook, London: Bloomsbury.
Bruckman, Amy (2002) ‘Ethical Guidelines for Research Online’, 4 March: http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~asb/ethics.
Caldwell, Mark (2015 [1999]) A Short History of Rudeness: Manners, Morals, and Misbehavior in Modern America, London: Picador.
Costa, Maddy (2015) ‘It’s Time for Audiences to Be Less Uptight’, The Guardian, 4 March 2015: https://www.theguardian.com/stage/theatreblog/2015/mar/04/relaxed-performances-theatre-time-audiences-less-uptight.
DCMS (2014) ‘Taking Part 2014/15 Quarter 1’: www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/360009/Taking_Part_2014_15_Quarter_1_Report.pdf.
DCMS (2017) ‘Taking Part Survey: England Adult Report, 2016/17’: www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/664933/Adult_stats_release_4.pdf.
Desmond-Harris, Jenée (2015) ‘America’s Newest Crime: Cheering at a Graduation While Black’, Vox, 4 June 2015: www.vox.com/2015/6/4/8730181/graduation-black-family-charged.
Ehrenreich, Nancy S. (1990) ‘Pluralist Myths and Powerless Men: The Ideology of Reasonableness in Sexual Harassment Law’, Yale Law Journal 99:6, pp. 1177–234.
Exum, Jelani Jefferson (2016) ‘Nearsighted and Colorblind: The Perspective Problems of Police Deadly Force Cases’, Cleveland State Law Review 65, pp. 491–502.
Fletcher-Watson, Ben (2015) ‘Relaxed Performance: Audiences with Autism in Mainstream Theatre’, Scottish Journal of Performance 2:2, pp. 61–89.
Foster, Gwendolyn Audrey (2000) Troping the Body: Gender, Etiquette, and Performance, Carbondale: SIU Press.
Freshwater, Helen (2009b) Theatre Censorship in Britain: Silencing, Censure and Suppression, London: Springer.
Gardner, Lyn (2018) ‘It’s Time to Discuss Protecting Performers in Immersive Shows’, The Stage, 5 March 2018: www.thestage.co.uk/opinion/2018/lyn-gardner-its-time-to-discuss-protecting-performers-in-immersive-shows.
Hadley, Bree (2015) ‘Participation, Politics and Provocations: People with Disabilities as Non-conciliatory Audiences’, Participations 12:1, pp. 154–74.
Hamblen, Karen A. (1991) ‘Beyond Universalism in Art Criticism’, in Douglas Emerson Blandy & Kristin G. Congdon (eds.) Pluralistic Approaches to Art Criticism, Bowling Green: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, pp. 7–14.
Harvie, Jen (2013) Fair Play: Art, Performance and Neoliberalism, London: Springer.
Heim, Caroline (2015) Audience as Performer: The Changing Role of Theatre Audiences in the Twenty-First Century, London: Routledge.
Heller, Kevin Jon (1998) ‘Beyond the Reasonable Man? A Sympathetic but Critical Assessment of the Use of Subjective Standards of Reasonableness in Self-Defense and Provocation Cases’, American Journal of Criminal Law 26, pp. 111–42.
Johanson, Katya & Hilary Glow (2015) ‘A Virtuous Circle’, Participations 12:1, pp. 254–70.
Keating, Gregory C. (1996) ‘Reasonableness and Rationality in Negligence Theory’, Stanford Law Review 48:2, pp. 311–84.
Kershaw, Baz (2001) ‘Oh for Unruly Audiences! Or, Patterns of Participation in Twentieth-Century Theatre’, Modern Drama 44:2, pp. 133–54.
Lee, Cynthia (2012) ‘Reasonableness with Teeth: The Future of Fourth Amendment Reasonableness Analysis’, Mississippi Law Journal 81, pp. 1–50.
MacAulay, Maggie & Marcos Daniel Moldes (2016) ‘Queen Don’t Compute: Reading and Casting Shade on Facebook’s Real Names Policy’, Critical Studies in Media Communication 33:1, pp. 6–22.
Marsh, Sarah (2018) ‘BFI Apologises After Woman with Asperger’s Ejected from Cinema’, The Guardian, 30 April 2018: www.theguardian.com/society/2018/apr/30/woman-with-aspergers-ejected-from-cinema-for-laughing-at-western.
McDougall, Harold A. (2017) ‘Class Contradictions in the Civil Rights Movement: The Politics of Respectability, Disrespect, and Self-Respect’, Howard Human & Civil Rights Law Review 45: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2963600.
Morisseau, Dominique (2015) ‘Why I Almost Slapped a Fellow Theatre Patron, and What That Says About Our Theatres’, American Theatre, 9 December 2015: www.americantheatre.org/2015/12/09/why-i-almost-slapped-a-fellow-theatre-patron-and-what-that-says-about-our-theatres.
mistoiny (2017) ‘Graduation So Black’, Culturally Responsive Educators of the African Diaspora (CRED), 15 June 2017: https://creadnyc.com/2017/06/15/graduation-so-black.
Ngai, Sianne (2009 [2005]) Ugly Feelings, Harvard: Harvard University Press.
Obasogie, Osagie K. & Zachary Newman (2016) ‘Black Lives Matter and Respectability Politics in Local News Accounts of Officer-Involved Civilian Deaths: An Early Empirical Assessment’, Wisconsin Law Review 541, pp. 541–74.
O’Brien, Dave & Mark Taylor (2016) ‘Do the Arts Promote Diversity—Or Are They a Bastion of Privilege?’, The Stage, 15 December 2016: www.thestage.co.uk/opinion/2016/dave-obrien-and-mark-taylor-do-the-arts-promote-diversity-or-are-they-a-bastion-of-privilege.
Pine, B. Joseph II & James H. Gilmore (1999) The Experience Economy: Work Is Theatre and Every Business a Stage, Harvard: Harvard Business Press.
Reason, Matthew (2006) ‘Young Audiences and Live Theatre, Part 2: Perceptions of Liveness in Performance’, Studies in Theatre and Performance 26:3, pp. 221–41.
Reason, Matthew & Kirsty Sedgman (2015) ‘Theatre Audiences: An Introduction’, Participations 12:1, pp. 117–22.
Rebellato, Dan (2002 [1999]) 1956 and All That: The Making of Modern British Drama, London: Routledge.
Saville, Alice (2018) ‘Theatre Prefects’, Exeunt Magazine, 2 January 2018: http://exeuntmagazine.com/features/theatre-prefects.
Sedgman, Kirsty (2015) ‘Be Reasonable! On Institutions, Values, Voices’, Participations 12:1, pp. 123–32.
Sedgman, Kirsty (2016a) Locating the Audience: How People Found Value in National Theatre Wales, Bristol: Intellect.
Sedgman, Kirsty (2016b) ‘Our Obsession with Theatre Etiquette Is Rooted in the Past’, The Stage, 18 August 2016: www.thestage.co.uk/features/2016/our-obsession-with-theatre-etiquette-is-rooted-in-the-past.
Shenton, Mark (2016) ‘Does Theatre Need to “Grow Some Balls’” When It Comes to Audience Misbehaviour?’, The Stage, 22 September 2016: www.thestage.co.uk/opinion/2016/mark-shenton-does-theatre-need-to-grow-some-balls-when-it-comes-to-audience-misbehaviour.
Shenton, Mark (2017) ‘It’s Time to Tackle Noisy Food and Mobile Phones in Theatres’, The Stage, 13 December 2017: www.thestage.co.uk/opinion/2017/mark-shenton-its-time-to-tackle-noisy-food-and-mobile-phones-in-theatres.
Sherwin, Adam (2017) ‘Stop! Singing Along to Motown: The Musical’ Audiences Told in Karaoke Crackdown’, iNews, 6 April 2017: https://inews.co.uk/essentials/stop-singing-along-motown-musical-audiences-told-karaoke-crackdown.
Shildrick, Margrit (2009) Dangerous Discourses of Disability, Subjectivity and Sexuality, London: Springer.
Simpson, Hannah (2017) ‘Tics in the Theatre: The Quiet Audience and the Neurodivergent Spectator’: https://readdurhamenglish.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/tics-in-the-theatre-transcript.pdf.
Slater, Jenny (2015) Youth and Disability: A Challenge to Mr Reasonable, Farnham: Ashgate.
Smitherman, Geneva (1977) Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America, Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
SPPA (Survey of Public Participation in the Arts) (2015) ‘A Matter of Choice? Arts Participation Patterns of Americans with Disabilities’, January 2015: www.arts.gov/artistic-fields/research-analysis/arts-data-profiles/arts-data-profile-7.
Thom, Jess (2011) ‘Wall of Sound’, Touretteshero, 26 May 2011: https://www.touretteshero.com/2011/05/26/wall-of-sound.
Thom, Jess (2015) ‘Tree Chat’, Touretteshero, 31 January 2015: https://www.touretteshero.com/2015/01/31/tree-chat.
Thompson, Audrey (1998) ‘Not the Color Purple: Black Feminist Lessons for Educational Caring’, Harvard Educational Review 68:4, pp. 522–55.
Tolnay, Stewart E. & E. M. Beck (1995) A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882–1930, Champaign: University of Illinois Press.
Warner, Kristen J. (2015) ‘“They Gon” Think You Loud Regardless: Ratchetness, Reality Television, and Black Womanhood’, Camera Obscura: Feminism, Culture, and Media Studies 30:1, pp. 129–53.
Wells, Veronica (2012) ‘Loud Cheers, No Arrests & Cultural Celebration: The Need for Black Graduation Ceremonies’, 12 June 2012: http://madamenoire.com/186556/loud-cheers-no-arrests-cultural-celebration-the-need-for-black-graduation-ceremonies.
Woods, Penelope (2013) ‘The Two Gentlemen of Zimbabwe & Their Diaspora Audience at Shakespeare’s Globe’, in James Currey (ed.) Shakespeare In and Out of Africa, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, pp. 13–27.
Woods, Penelope (2015) ‘Theatre Etiquette: The World View’, 23 November 2015, WhatsOnStage: www.whatsonstage.com/london-theatre/news/theatre-etiquette-the-world-view_39175.html.
List of Sources for Discourse Analysis
[1] http://60plussitdowncomedy.blogspot.co.uk/2016/11/theatre-etiquette-how-theatres-could.html
[6] http://blog.seattlepi.com/alltheworldsastage/2008/08/22/theatre-etiquette-its-not-your-living-room
[10] https://www.ayoungertheatre.com/filskit-blog-is-theatre-etiquette-dead
[13] https://blog.ticketmaster.co.nz/music/a-contemporary-guide-to-attending-the-theatre-961
[14] https://blog.ticketmaster.co.uk/theatre/bluffers-guide-theatre-etiquette-12112
[18] https://curtaincallnaija.wordpress.com/2016/01/15/theatre-etiquette-13-dos-and-donts
[22] http://www.danceworks.co.nz/blog/post/22116/Theatre-Etiquette
[27] http://etiquette-tips.com/events-celebrations/theatre-etiquette-dos-and-donts
[28] http://www.excite.com/events/blog/theater-etiquette-you-must-not-forget
[30] https://www.ft.com/content/e3f567f2-c078-11e6-81c2-f57d90f6741a
[32] http://hipporeviews.blogspot.co.uk/p/theatre-etiquette.html
[42] https://www.londontheatre1.com/news/16954/theatre-etiquette
[44] https://www.londontheatredirect.com/post/287/theatre-etiquette.aspx
[46] http://mansfieldtickets.com/learn-more/blog/tag/theatre-etiquette
[48] https://millenniallondon.com/2016/09/14/theatre-etiquette-dos-and-donts
[51] http://www.mostmetro.com/entertainment/performing-arts-theater/theater-etiquette.html
[55] http://nappykaye.blogspot.co.uk/2016/04/familysundays-theatre-etiquette.html
[57] http://www.nytix.com/Links/Broadway/Articles/etiquette.html
[58] http://www.onstage.goodmantheatre.org/2016/11/20/bob-cratchits-guide-to-theater-etiquette
[60] http://www.pittsburghighschooltheatre.org/theatre-etiquette.html
[63] https://projecttheatricality.wordpress.com/2017/03/21/theatre-etiquette-you-need-to-know
[65] https://www.realitycurve.com/blog/need-new-etiquette-guide-theatre
[67] https://romeynorton.blog/2017/02/08/is-there-such-a-thing-as-theatre-etiquette
[71] https://splitfocusentertainment.com/2017/09/12/theatre-etiquette
[73] https://starstrucktheatre.org/buy-tickets/theatre-etiquette
[74] http://steveonbroadway.blogspot.co.uk/2007/07/theatre-etiquettee-part-three-or-end-of.html
[75] http://stlouistheatresnob.blogspot.co.uk/2010/12/theatre-etiquette-time.html
[77] http://www.swirlnationblog.com/obsessed-1/2017/1/11/audience-member-etiquette-for-millennials
[78] https://theatre.london/theatre-guide/londoners-guide-theatre-etiquette
[81] https://theblogoftheatrethings.com/category/theatre-etiquette
[82] http://www.thedramateacher.com/the-lost-art-of-theatre-etiquette
[84] http://thegetawayjournals.com/2017/04/06/theatre-etiquette-101
[85] https://www.theguardian.com/stage/theatreblog/2008/mar/12/playbytherulestheatre
[86] https://www.theodysseyonline.com/the-dos-and-donts-theatre-etiquette
[88] http://thepekoegroup.com/blog/dude-thats-rude-a-simple-guide-to-theater-etiquette
[96] https://www.viewnews.co.uk/showbiz-beat-time-turn-mobiles-off-theatregoers
[99] http://www.whatsonstage.com/london-theatre/news/theatre-etiquette-a-theatre-managers-view_39211.html
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sedgman, K. (2018). On the Reasonable Audience. In: The Reasonable Audience. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99166-5_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99166-5_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Pivot, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-99165-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-99166-5
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)