Abstract
Chapter 4 discussed how radio telescopes led to the discovery of molecules in dark clouds, clouds that were subsequently referred to as molecular clouds. The molecule that was most prevalent, H2, molecular hydrogen, was only visible under very special circumstances, such as in a compacted and warm layer between two colliding clouds. However, carbon monoxide, CO, was a very common substitute and has played the role of ‘proxy’ for H2, ever since. It occurred in all clouds and even different ‘isotopes’ were present in measurable quantities. Besides the most common isotope, 12C16O, the observers also found 12C18O or 13C16O, each at slightly different wavelengths from 12C16O. Different lines of these molecules were observed and the measurements confirmed what had long been suspected, namely that the temperature in the clouds is very low, up to just a few degrees above absolute zero.
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Notes
- 1.
In this period people begin to realize that black holes occur in the center of quasars and other ‘active’ Milky Way galaxies. Such black holes have a mass millions of times that of the Sun and are referred to as ‘massive black holes’ or even ‘supermassive black holes’. Black holes in binary stars have a mass just a few times that of the Sun; I will refer to these as ‘stellar black holes’.
- 2.
‘Scintillation’ caused by the ionosphere of the Earth had been a proof around 1950 that the radio source Cygnus A was a small object in the sky.
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Habing, H.J. (2018). 1975–1984: Stars. In: The Birth of Modern Astronomy. Historical & Cultural Astronomy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99082-8_7
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