Abstract
Small-scale fishing communities along Cambodia’s coast have relied on marine resources as a mainstay of their livelihood for many decades. However, in the past 10 to 15 years, environmental change, increased fishing pressure, illegal, underreported, and unregulated fishing, and sand mining have contributed to a progressive decline in their catch. At the same time, economic opportunities outside the coastal village have acted as a draw and catalyzed migration to secondary cities and to the capital. This study examines out-migration of people from coastal communities to the city of Koh Kong. Using qualitative data collected from three fishing villages, I explore why people leave and why others stay in the village. In the context of city provisioning systems, the study also reveals a shift in climate-related vulnerability for coastal village migrants when they become urban residents. The study highlights the importance of looking not only at city planning, infrastructure challenges, and climate risks but also at the attendant social effects that phenomena such as migration have on people who are increasingly on the move. Such a perspective offers a more people-centred understanding of urban climate resilience in Cambodia, and potentially for other countries across Southeast Asia.
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Notes
- 1.
- 2.
The higher fisher density of Koh Kong province can partly be attributed to the province having the largest stretch of coastline compared to other coastal provinces, that is, more places to support coastal fishing communities. I use the gender-neutral descriptor for someone who fishes in recognition of the fact that, although the majority of those who “do” fishing are men, women play important roles in fishing and are often involved directly in fishing itself, in many cases alongside their husbands.
- 3.
In 2014, there were 9 SEZs operating in the country with 20 more green-lighted to be created. Unlike many other countries, the Cambodian government has left the establishment and management of SEZs to private-sector developers (Warr and Menon 2015).
- 4.
The WeD project was a large, five year initiative involving four countries (Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Peru, and Thailand) based on a comparative study of well-being, focusing on objective accounts of livelihoods (i.e., resources and needs) and subjective measure of goals and satisfaction (i.e., quality of life) (Gough and McGregor 2007; Gough et al. 2007; White 2010).
- 5.
Questions relating to well-being were adapted from the Exploring Wellbeing in Fishing Communities: Methods Handbook (Coulthard et al. 2015) which focused on operationalizing the “3D well-being” conceptual framework. All of the interview notes and transcripts underwent qualitative analysis after being imported into NVivo 11 Professional for Windows (Version 11.4.1.1064) through thematic coding, informed by guidance from The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers (Saldana 2009). Codes were used following the three dimensions of well-being along with two codes corresponding to “doing well” and “not doing well” (related to questions asking respondents to describe a person who fit each category). The more informal portions were appended to the scoping survey. The structured interviews were used to assess the three dimensions of well-being.
- 6.
To maintain anonymity, names have been changed to pseudonyms.
- 7.
The same fisher noted that ‘my wife bought 200 crab traps. It cost 250 dollars and I can use for three months only—after that period we will sell it to scavengers. I cannot fix it’. Meanwhile, another fisher informed us that he lays 600 traps, from which he expects to get approximately 10 kg of fish.
- 8.
For purposes of brevity and given the focus on secondary cities in the context of the UCRSEA project, only migrants of Koh Kong are the focus for this chapter.
- 9.
Agency here is defined as ‘the capacity of an individual to act independently and to make one’s own free choices’ (Berkes and Ross 2013, 15).
- 10.
ASEAN member states account for one-quarter of global fisheries production per year (Garces et al. 2008).
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I thank the editors of this volume for their comments and feedback, along with a very helpful and constructive review by Melissa Marschke and Yanjun Cai. This work was supported by funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and the International Development Research Centre.
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Asif, F. (2019). From Sea to City: Migration and Social Well-Being in Coastal Cambodia. In: Daniere, A., Garschagen, M. (eds) Urban Climate Resilience in Southeast Asia. The Urban Book Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98968-6_8
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