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Irish Political Trials, 1793–1848: Associationalism, Emotion and Memory

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Political Trials in an Age of Revolutions

Part of the book series: Palgrave Histories of Policing, Punishment and Justice ((PHPPJ))

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Abstract

This essay looks to establish commonalities within some of the major political trials in Ireland during the French Revolutionary period. The majority of the coverage dwells upon the period covered by United Irish activity, and focuses in particular on the Sheares brothers, but the run up to 1848 is crucial as it shows the ways in which trials of those earlier radicals influenced later trial performances, and the reporting thereof. There is a deliberate attempt to put the emotion back into the trial experience, as a mode of exploring the ways in which Irish trials could be associational and intimate settings – exhibiting a political culture in their own right.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In 1868 the Sullivan brothers, editors of the Nation, compiled Speeches from the Dock, courtroom oratory from 1798 onwards. It was re-edited in 1945 by Sean Ua Ceallaigh to extend coverage to the Irish war of independence, Speeches from the Dock; or Protests of Irish Patriotism (Dublin, 1945).

  2. 2.

    State Trials, XXVIII: 1171–2.

  3. 3.

    Patrick Geoghegan, Robert Emmet: A Life (Montreal, 2002); Ruan O’Donnell, Robert Emmet and the Rebellion of 1798 (Newbridge, 2003); Marianne Elliott, Robert Emmet: The Making of a Legend (London, 2003).

  4. 4.

    R.R. Madden, The United Irishmen, Their Lives and Times, 2 vols (London, 1942); Christine Longford, The United Brothers (Dublin, 1942).

  5. 5.

    R.N.C. Vance, “Text and Tradition: Robert Emmet’s Speech from the Dock”, Studies, 71 (1982), 185–91; Patrick M. Geoghegan, “[Which] Speech from the Dock?”, History-Ireland, 11 (2003), 34–38.

  6. 6.

    Brendan Bradshaw, “Nationalism and Historical Scholarship in Modern Ireland”, Irish Historical Studies, 26 (1989), 329–51.

  7. 7.

    Kevin Whelan, The Tree of Liberty Radicalism, Catholicism and the Construction of Irish Identity (Cork, 1996); Tom Dunne, Rebellions: Memoir, Memory, and 1798 (Dublin, 2004).

  8. 8.

    Louis Cullen, “The 1798 Rebellion in its Eighteenth-Century Context”, in P.J. Corish, Radicals, Rebels and Establishments: Historical Studies XV (Belfast, 1985), 91–113; Louis Cullen, “The 1798 Rebellion in Wexford: United Irishman Organisation, Membership, Leadership”, in Wexford: History and Society, ed. Kevin Whelan (Dublin, 1987), 248–95.

  9. 9.

    Conor Cruise O’Brien, Ancestral Voices: Religion and Nationalism in Ireland (Chicago, 1994).

  10. 10.

    William Reddy, The Navigation of Feeling: A Framework for the History of Emotions (Cambridge, 2001); Barbara Rosenwein, “Review Essay: Worrying about Emotions in History”, American Historical Review, 107 (2002), 842.

  11. 11.

    Geoghegan, Emmett, 3–22, 226–254.

  12. 12.

    Myles Dungan, Conspiracy: Irish Political Trials (Dublin, 1999).

  13. 13.

    Kenneth R. Johnston, Unusual Suspects: Pitt’s Reign of Alarm and the Lost Generation of the 1790s (Oxford, 2013).

  14. 14.

    Guy Beiner, ‘Forgetting to Remember Orr: Death and Ambiguous Remembrance in Modern Ireland’, in Death and Dying in Ireland, Britain and Europe: Historical Perspectives, eds James Kelly and Mary Ann Lyons (Dublin, 2013), 171–202.

  15. 15.

    Niamh Howlin, Juries in Ireland: Laypersons and Law in the Long Nineteenth Century (Dublin, 2017); Katie Barclay, “Performing Emotion and Reading the Male Body in the Irish Court, c. 1800–1845”, Journal of Social History, 51 (2017), 293–312.

  16. 16.

    James Quinn, Young Ireland and the Writing of Irish History (Dublin, 2015); Ian McBride (ed.), History and Memory in Modern Ireland (Cambridge, 2001); Guy Beiner, Remembering the Year of the French: Irish Folk History and Social Memory (Madison, WI, 2007).

  17. 17.

    Claire Armon-Jones, “The Social Functions of Emotions”, in The Social Construction of Emotions, ed. Rom Harré (Oxford, 1986), 57–83.

  18. 18.

    Thomas MacNevin, The Leading State Trials of Ireland from…1794–1803 (Dublin, 1844).

  19. 19.

    State Trials, XXVIII: 1175.

  20. 20.

    Madden, United Irishmen, II: 172.

  21. 21.

    Oracle and Public Advertiser, 3 January 1798.

  22. 22.

    K.R. Brady, “The Brief for the Defence at the Trial of John and Henry Sheares in 1798”, Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, 68 (1937), 4.

  23. 23.

    Madden, United Irishmen, II: 49.

  24. 24.

    Martyn J. Powell, “Ultra-Protestantism before the Orange Order: The Aldermen of Skinner’s Alley” and James Kelly, “The Bar Club, 1787–93: A Dining Club Case Study” in Clubs and Societies in Eighteenth-Century Ireland, eds James Kelly and Martyn J. Powell (Dublin, 2010), 203–23 and 373–92.

  25. 25.

    Marsh’s Library, Hibernian Catch Club Mss A8, Account book, 1787–1801.

  26. 26.

    State Trials, XXVII: 359.

  27. 27.

    Beiner, ‘Forgetting to Remember Orr’, 177.

  28. 28.

    Walker’s Dublin Magazine, November 1795, 425–26.

  29. 29.

    State Trials, XXVIII: 1100–1103.

  30. 30.

    Walker’s Hibernian Magazine, August 1798, 510.

  31. 31.

    State Trials, XXVIII: 1175.

  32. 32.

    Aberdeen Journal, 6 June 1804.

  33. 33.

    Northern Star, 19 December 1840.

  34. 34.

    Standard, 7 January 1854.

  35. 35.

    Freeman’s Journal, 16 March 1878.

  36. 36.

    Niamh Howlin, “English and Irish Jury Laws: A Growing Divergence 1825–1833” in The Laws and Other Legalities of Ireland, 1689–1850, eds Michael Brown and Seán Donlan (Dublin, 2011), 117.

  37. 37.

    State Trials, XXVIII: 1110.

  38. 38.

    Ibid., XXV: 804.

  39. 39.

    Autobiography of Archibald Hamilton Rowan, Esq (Dublin, 1840).

  40. 40.

    State Trials, XXVII: 365.

  41. 41.

    Lloyd’s Evening Post, 23 October 1797.

  42. 42.

    Walker’s Hibernian Magazine, March 1794, 257.

  43. 43.

    State Trials, XXVII: 176–254.

  44. 44.

    Morning Post, 24 October 1797.

  45. 45.

    Walker’s Hibernian Magazine, November 1795, 433.

  46. 46.

    Madden, United Irishmen, II: 253–63

  47. 47.

    Thomas Bartlett, “Informers, Informants and Information: The Secret History of the 1790s Re-considered”, in 1798: A Bicentenary Perspective, ed. Thomas Bartlett, David Dickson, Dáire Keogh, Kevin Whelan (Dublin, 2003), 406–422

  48. 48.

    Brady, ‘Brief for the Defence’, 19–20.

  49. 49.

    Walker’s Hibernian Magazine, August 1798, 508; Longford, United Brothers, 50–51.

  50. 50.

    Walker’s Hibernian Magazine, April 1795, 162.

  51. 51.

    State Trials, XX: 829, 857.

  52. 52.

    Morning Post, 24 October 1784.

  53. 53.

    State Trials, XXVII: 251.

  54. 54.

    Ibid., XXVII: 595–8.

  55. 55.

    Walker’s Hibernian Magazine, August 1798, 517.

  56. 56.

    Ibid., February 1794, 99–100, March 1794, 261.

  57. 57.

    Ibid., May 1798, 535–38.

  58. 58.

    Edmund Burke, A Speech of Edmund Burke, Esq. at the Guildhall in Bristol… (London, 1780), 34; Madden, United Irishmen, II: 147–48.

  59. 59.

    Walker’s Hibernian Magazine, June 1795, 530.

  60. 60.

    State Trials, XXV: 857.

  61. 61.

    Walker’s Hibernian Magazine, November 1803, 580.

  62. 62.

    Brady, “Brief for the Defence”, 20.

  63. 63.

    Terry de Valera, “Letters of Henry and John Sheares”, Dublin Historical Record, 43 (1990), Henry Sheares to Brent Neville, 13 [?] 1798, 64.

  64. 64.

    Brady, “Brief for the Defence”, 10.

  65. 65.

    Madden, United Irishmen, II: 147, 155.

  66. 66.

    Nation, 23 September 1843; Anon, The Mercenary Informers of ’98: Containing the History of Edward Newell, Major Sirr, Jemmy O’Brien, & Thomas Reynolds…(Dublin, n.d [1846]).

  67. 67.

    True Briton, 2 January 1798.

  68. 68.

    State Trials, XXVII: 247–8; Belfast Newsletter, 1 March 1803.

  69. 69.

    State Trials, XXVI: 989–90.

  70. 70.

    Ibid., XXVII: 38–49.

  71. 71.

    Ibid., XXVIII: 1175.

  72. 72.

    Brady, ‘Brief for the Defence’, 15.

  73. 73.

    State Trials, XXVII: 394.

  74. 74.

    Ibid., XXVIII: 1136, 1145.

  75. 75.

    Ibid., XXVII: 394.

  76. 76.

    Brady, ‘Brief for the Defence’, 16.

  77. 77.

    Madden, United Irishmen, II: 228–31.

  78. 78.

    Longford, United Brothers, 67.

  79. 79.

    State Trials, XXVIII: 1153.

  80. 80.

    Geoghegan, Emmet, 269.

  81. 81.

    Freeman’s Journal, 5 March 1888.

  82. 82.

    State Trials, XXVII: 1102–1103, 1177.

  83. 83.

    Cheryl Herr (ed.), For the Land they loved: Irish Political Melodramas, 1890–1925 (Syracuse, 1991), 55.

  84. 84.

    Lloyd’s Evening Post, 23 October 1797.

  85. 85.

    State Trials, XXVII: 985–6.

  86. 86.

    Jean Agnew (ed.), The Drennan-McTier Letters, volume 1, 1776–1793 (Dublin, 1999), Drennan to Samuel McTier, 21 May 1791, 357.

  87. 87.

    Walker’s Hibernian Magazine, August 1798, 502; Longford, United Brothers, 41.

  88. 88.

    Madden, United Irishmen, II: 133.

  89. 89.

    Dublin University Magazine (January, 1849), 60–2; Northern Star and National Trades’ Journal, 3 February 1849; Glasgow (Missouri) Weekly Times, 31 May 1849.

  90. 90.

    Irish Examiner, 19 July 1848.

  91. 91.

    Brady, “Brief for the Defence”, 1–2; Kilkenny People, 23 July 1898.

  92. 92.

    Marsh’s Library, Mss G4.2.29, Autograph letter by [John?] Sheares.

  93. 93.

    Northern Star, 19 December 1840, 29 April 1843, 2 January 1841.

  94. 94.

    Northern Star, 2 January, 9 October 1841.

  95. 95.

    Walker’s Hibernian Magazine, February 1794, 101–03, March 1794, 262.

  96. 96.

    Ibid., June 1792, 485.

  97. 97.

    Madden, United Irishmen, II: 124.

  98. 98.

    Morning Chronicle, 26 September 1803.

  99. 99.

    Irish Examiner, 16 May 1849.

  100. 100.

    Marsh’s Lib. Mss, G4.2.29, Autograph letter.

  101. 101.

    Barbara Rosenwein, “Problems and Methods in the History of Emotions”, Passions in Context, 1 (2010), 11.

  102. 102.

    Nation, 16 September 1843.

  103. 103.

    Express and Evening Chronicle, 16–18 January 1798; Star, 18 June 1799.

  104. 104.

    Walker’s Hibernian Magazine, February 1794, 104, March 1794, 262.

  105. 105.

    The Life of the Right Honourable John Philpot Curran, by his son William Henry Curran, 2 vols (London, 1819), II: 63n.

  106. 106.

    Walker’s Hibernian Magazine, July 1798, 528, September 1798, 580.

  107. 107.

    Ibid., August 1798, 508.

  108. 108.

    State Trials, XXVII: 393.

  109. 109.

    Madden, United Irishmen, II: 248–9. Longford, United Brothers, 96.

  110. 110.

    Madden, United Irishmen, II: 257.

  111. 111.

    Morning Post, 24 October 1797.

  112. 112.

    Freeman’s Journal, 3 July 1844. For more on weeping judges see Barclay, “Performing Emotion”, 303–7.

  113. 113.

    Nation, 16 September 1843.

  114. 114.

    Hull Packet, 11 October 1803.

  115. 115.

    Lloyd’s Evening Post, 25 October 1797.

  116. 116.

    State Trials, XXVII: 252.

  117. 117.

    Madden, United Irishmen, II: 203n.

  118. 118.

    Morning Post, 24 September 1803. See also Geoghegan, “[Which] Speech from the Dock?”.

  119. 119.

    State Trials, XVII: 141–76 includes a ‘Life of James O’Coigly’, as well as several letters.

  120. 120.

    Walker’s Hibernian Magazine, February 1794, May 1795, September and October 1803

  121. 121.

    Fintan Cullen, “Radicals and Reactionaries: Portraits of the 1790s in Ireland”, in Revolution, Counter-Revolution and Union: Ireland in the 1790s, ed. Jim Smyth (Cambridge, 2000), 161–194.

  122. 122.

    State Trials, XVIII: 249.

  123. 123.

    Morning Herald, 24 October 1797, Morning Post, 26 October 1797, Beiner, ‘Forgetting to Remember Orr’, 175.

  124. 124.

    True Briton, 27 October 1797.

  125. 125.

    Nation, 16 September 1843.

  126. 126.

    Brady, “Brief for the Defence”, 1–2. Madden focused here on their brotherly unity, United Irishmen, II: 171.

  127. 127.

    Madden, United Irishmen, II: 218–19.

  128. 128.

    Walker’s Hibernian Magazine, October 1798, 657–58.

  129. 129.

    de Valera, “Letters of Henry and John Sheares”, 64.

  130. 130.

    The lines in the play are: “Goodbye, Julia, my light is just out. The approach of darkness is like that of death, since both alike require I should say farewell for ever”, Longford, United Brothers, 96; Walker’s Hibernian Magazine, October 1798, 657–58.

  131. 131.

    Other versions had him say: ‘My lamp of life is nearly expired; my race is finished’, Cobbett’s Weekly Political Register, July–December 1803, 1968.

  132. 132.

    Longford, United Brothers, 96.

  133. 133.

    Madden, United Irishmen, II: 131–32.

  134. 134.

    Nation, 7 November 1874.

  135. 135.

    Literary Examiner, 7 October 1848.

  136. 136.

    Robert Emmet: The Cause of his Rebellion; the Cause of its Failure; His Eloquence, Conversation, &c: His Character (Dublin, 1870).

  137. 137.

    Freeman’s Journal, 5 March 1888.

  138. 138.

    Quoted in Geoghegan, Emmet, xii.

  139. 139.

    Southern Star, 26 December 1903.

  140. 140.

    Patrick Geoghegan, King Dan: Daniel O’Connell 1775–1829: The Rise of King Dan (Dublin, 2008), 99.

  141. 141.

    Standard, 24 July 1844; Northern Star, 14 September 1844.

  142. 142.

    Joy Melville, Mother of Oscar: The Life of Jane Francesca Wilde (London, 1994), 22.

  143. 143.

    Aberdeen Journal, 16 May 1849.

  144. 144.

    Irish Examiner, 16 May 1849.

  145. 145.

    Quoted in Melville, Mother of Oscar, 41.

  146. 146.

    James Quinn, Young Ireland, 96.

  147. 147.

    Ibid., 85.

  148. 148.

    Irish Examiner, 16 May 1849.

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  1. Department of History, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

    Martyn Powell

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  1. School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia

    Michael T. Davis

  2. Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK

    Emma Macleod

  3. School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

    Gordon Pentland

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Powell, M. (2019). Irish Political Trials, 1793–1848: Associationalism, Emotion and Memory. In: Davis, M., Macleod, E., Pentland, G. (eds) Political Trials in an Age of Revolutions. Palgrave Histories of Policing, Punishment and Justice. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98959-4_13

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