Abstract
In research, dietary intake data are mainly assessed using food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) (semi-, quantitative), 24-h dietary recall (repeated, 24HDR) or food diary/records (repeated). In the USA, a Web-based automated, self-administered 24HDR was shown to be a low-cost method for collecting accurate dietary intake information, but no such instrument was available for Europe. In I.Family, we developed a Web-based automated, self-administered 24HDR for large-scale assessment of dietary intake data in children, adolescents and their families across Europe. The Self-Administered Children, Adolescents and Adults Nutrition Assessment (SACANA) program used in the I.Family study is able to assess the absolute nutrient and energy intake, the per cent contribution from foods and drinks to total energy and nutrient intake, as well as portion sizes and food groups among the children and their families. Further, place and time of all eating and snacking occasions during the past 24 h as well as eating in company and simultaneous eating activities (e.g., reading, TV watching) can be reported. The program collects self-reported dietary data in individuals from 11 years of age and above, with parental assistance at younger ages. In order to reduce errors in portion size estimation, in food composition tables and incomplete recalls the program offers features such as photo-assisted correct portion size estimation, multiple plausibility checks and reminding questions. The instrument was found to collect reproducible and valid data. SACANA is a reproducible, validated and suitable self-administered instrument for obtaining Web-based 24HDR data from children, adolescents and adults in large-scale studies across Europe.
On behalf of the IDEFICS and I.Family consortia.
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Acknowledgements
The development of instruments, the baseline data collection and the first follow-up work as part of the IDEFICS study (www.idefics.eu) were financially supported by the European Commission within the Sixth RTD Framework Programme Contract No. 016181 (FOOD). The most recent follow-up including the development of new instruments and the adaptation of previously used instruments was conducted in the framework of the I.Family study (www.ifamilystudy.eu) which was funded by the European Commission within the Seventh RTD Framework Programme Contract No. 266044 (KBBE 2010–14).
We thank all families for participating in the extensive examinations of the IDEFICS and I.Family studies. We are also grateful for the support from school boards, headmasters and communities.
We greatly appreciate the input of the following colleagues: Markus Modzelewski from Technologie-Zentrum Informatik und Informationstechnik, Bremen, Germany, Selim Cici, Claudia Brünings-Kuppe, and Timm Intemann from the Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology—BIPS, Bremen, Germany.
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Appendices
Annex 5.1: Instructions for Participants
5.1.1 How to Complete SACANA
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You are welcome to ask family members for help with filling out SACANA.
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Fill out three SACANAs on three non-consecutive days, including 2 weekdays and 1 weekend day (e.g. Monday, Wednesday and Saturday).
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Please try to complete the three SACANAs within 4 weeks.
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After completing all three SACANAs, you will receive feedback on your diet.
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It’s only possible to enter the data of the day before.
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You will need about 30 min for your first SACANA and less time for the second and third.
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You can choose food or drink items either by ticking on the respective food picture or using the search function on the right side of the screen.
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Please enter everything you ingested, even a snack or drink of water.
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When you enter food items where the portion size is chosen by clicking on ‘more’ and a plate or a jar is filled, it may be necessary to add the item again if you need to enter a higher portion size.
5.1.2 Instructions for PC
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The screen size of the PC can easily be changed by pressing ‘CTRL’ and using the scroll wheel of the mouse. Please do not use SACANA on PCs with very small screens such as netbooks, tablets, iPads.
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You will be logged off after being non-active for 10 min. The data will be stored.
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If the computer stops responding while completing SACANA, it may be necessary to log out and to log in again afterwards. The data will be stored.
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If you need a break you can log out and continue later. The data will be stored.
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Don’t react too fast, SACANA sometimes needs some time.
Annex 5.2: Example Recommendation Sheet for Fibre
Annex 5.3: I.Family Food Grouping Standards
Code | Description |
|---|---|
A | Cereals and cereal products and starchy snacks not specified |
A01 | Bread, rolls and similar—not specified |
A01a | Bread, crisp bread, rusks, roll (refined, fibre <5%) |
A01b | Bread, crisp bread, rusks, roll (wholemeal fibre ≥5%) |
A02 | Breakfast cereals, corn flakes, muesli not specified |
A02a | Complete breakfast cereals/flakes unsweetened, (sugar <15%), wholemeal (fibre ≥5%) |
A02b | Complete breakfast cereals/flakes sweetened (sugar ≥15%), wholemeal (fibre ≥5%) |
A02c | Refined breakfast cereals/flakes, unsweetened (sugar <15%, fibre <5%) |
A02d | Refined breakfast cereals/flakes, sweetened, sugar added (sugar ≥15%, fibre <5%) |
A03 | Flour meals and creamed cereals without milk and sugar |
A04 | Pasta (any kind) |
A05 | Rice and other cereal grains (not ready to eat)—not specified |
A05a | Rice and other cereals—white, refined |
A05b | Rice and other cereals—complete, unrefined |
A06 | Sweet bakery, biscuits, pies (sweet), cakes, sweet fritters and other confectionery |
A06a | With fat ≥20% |
A06b | With fat <20% |
A07 | Savoury-fatty snacks (crisps, chips and other little snacks) |
B | Sugar and sugar products |
B08 | Sugar, honey, jam and sweet sauces or dessert sauces |
B09 | Confectionery (non-chocolate) |
B09a | Sugar-free candies, chewing gum |
B09b | Candies, candy bars, chewing gum, (with sugar) |
B10 | Chocolate—not specified |
B10a | Chocolate bars, chocolate-coated nuts, confetti, twix, lion, mars |
B10b | Chocolate spread, paste, powder, sauce |
B11 | Other sugar product—not specified |
B11a | Marzipan, sugar-coated peanuts/almonds, nut spread |
B11b | Water ice, sorbet (excluding ice cream) |
B11c | No milk-based puddings |
C | Fats, oils and sauces (excluding dessert sauces) |
C12 | Vegetable oils not specified |
C12a | Olive oil |
C12b | Other vegetable oils |
C13 | Margarine and lipids of mixed origin |
C14 | Butter and animal fats |
C15 | Sauces, dressing and condiments—not specified |
C15a | Cold sauces ≥40% fat |
C15b | Cold sauces <40% fat |
C15c | Very low/no calorie condiments and other minor ingredients |
C15d | Based on meat |
C15e | Based on vegetables |
C15f | Based on dairy |
C15g | Based on fish products |
C15h | Based on meat, cheese, eggs, vegetables |
D | Fruits and vegetables |
D16 | Nuts, seeds and olives—not specified |
D16a | Nuts and seeds |
D16b | Olives, avocado |
D17 | Pulses not specified |
D18 | Vegetables not specified |
D18a | Vegetables raw |
D18b | Vegetables cooked or preserved (not deep fried) |
D18c | Vegetable cooked (deep fried) |
D18d | Maize all kind |
D19 | Potatoes and other starchy vegetables |
D19a | Potatoes cooked (not deep fried) |
D19b | Potatoes cooked (deep fried) |
D20 | Fruit not specified |
D20a | Fresh fruit |
D20b | Preserved fruit |
D20c | Fruit and dairy |
E | Non-alcoholic beverages and soups |
E21 | Bouillon—meat/fish/vegetable |
E22 | Water |
E23 | Coffee, tea, coffee surrogate, decaff, herbal—not specified |
E24 | Fruit, vegetable juices and smoothies—not specified |
E24a | Fruit (and vegetable) juices—fresh-made squeezed |
E24b | Fruit (and vegetable) juices—manufactured |
E24c | Vegetable juices |
E25 | Soft and sweetened drinks |
E25a | Carbonated drink (sweetened) |
E25b | Carbonated drink low calorie, sugar reduced |
E25c | Other drinks normally sweetened |
E25d | Other drinks sugar free, reduced sugar |
E25e | Energy drinks |
F | Alcoholic beverages not specified |
F26 | Beer and cider |
F27 | Wine |
F28 | Other alcoholic drinks not specified |
F28a | ≥20% alcoholic drinks |
F28b | <20% alcoholic beverages |
G | Meat and meat products |
G29 | Meat (other than poultry)—not specified |
G29a | Meat—very fatty cut/fatty preparation (fat ≥10%) |
G29b | Meat—low fat preparation/lean cut and (fat <10%) |
G30 | Poultry not specified |
G30a | Poultry fatty preparation (fat ≥10%) |
G30b | Poultry non-fatty preparation (fat <10%) |
G31 | Rabbit and game |
G32 | Offal |
G33 | Processed meat, salami, processed poultry products, meat salad—not specified |
G33a | Fatty/very fatty items (fat ≥20%) |
G33b | Lean/very lean items (fat <20%) |
G33c | Liver, blood and derived processed meats |
H | Finfish, shellfish and their products |
H34 | Fish and seafood |
H34a | Fish, fatty preparation |
H34b | Fish, lean preparation |
H35 | Processed fish products |
I | Eggs not specified |
I36 | Eggs and simple egg recipes (not fried) |
I37 | Eggs and simple egg recipes (fried, stir-fried) |
J | Dairy products and similar |
J37 | Milk, yogurt and similar—not specified |
J37a | Milk, plain whole |
J37b | Milk, plain reduced fat |
J37c | Chocolate milk, vanilla milk and similar |
J37d | Yogurt, probiotic and other fermented milk unsweetened, full fat |
J37e | Yogurt, probiotic and other fermented milk unsweetened, low fat |
J37f | Sweet yogurt, probiotic and other fermented milk, full fat |
J37g | Sweet yogurt, probiotic and other fermented milk, low fat |
J38 | Cheese not specified |
J38a | Cheese low fat and curd (unsweetened) |
J38b | Cheese medium fat/full fat (unsweetened) |
J38c | Sweetened cheese and curd |
J39 | Other milk products—not specified |
J39a | Milk-based ice creams, desserts, (chocolate) pudding |
J39b | Milk-based dishes, no sugar added |
J39c | Cream |
K | Special products |
K40 | Soya products and meat and dairy substitutes not specified |
K40a | Vegetarian burgers, tempeh, tofu, seitan |
K40b | Vegetal milk (soya milk, rice milk etc.) |
K40c | Soya-based dessert, cakes and similar |
K41 | Products for special nutritional use |
L | Mixed dishes |
L42 | Based on meat not specified |
L43 | Based on cereals not specified |
L43a | Pasta/rice/cereals + meat/fish/eggs/cheese |
L43b | Pasta/rice/cereals + legumes/vegetables/potatoes |
L43c | Dressed bread, pizza (Italian) and other bread-based recipes (fat <12%) |
L43d | Salty pies, quiches, any kind |
L43e | Fritters, yeast dough fried, fast food sandwiches, hot dog, Doner kebab and similar (fat ≥12%) |
L44 | Legumes/vegetables not specified |
L44a | Soup, veloutè, LIQUID |
L44b | Legumes/vegetables NOT LIQUID |
L44c | Mixed salad (as a final recipe) |
L45 | Based on eggs or/and dairy not specified |
L45b | With meat/fish |
L45c | With vegetables/potatoes/cereals |
L46 | Based on fish not specified |
L46a | Fish and vegetables/legumes |
L46b | Fish and potatoes pasta/rice |
L47 | Based on potatoes |
Z88 | Item not found |
Z99 | Invalid entry |
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Hebestreit, A., Wolters, M., Jilani, H., Eiben, G., Pala, V. (2019). Web-Based 24-h Dietary Recall: The SACANA Program. In: Bammann, K., Lissner, L., Pigeot, I., Ahrens, W. (eds) Instruments for Health Surveys in Children and Adolescents. Springer Series on Epidemiology and Public Health. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98857-3_5
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