Abstract
Every year, we double the amount of data produced worldwide. In 2018, as many giga-, tera-, peta-, and exabytes are produced, processed and collected worldwide as in the whole of human history prior to 2018, as data and its collection and transfer move beyond fixed computers. Smart Phones, Smart Homes, Smart Clothes, Smart Factories, Smart Cities … many “smart” things are getting connected via the Internet. And they are producing more and more of their own data.
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Notes
- 1.
The basic logic gates consist of the operations AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, EXOR, and EXNOR.
- 2.
Published in R. Feynman, International Journal of Theoretical Physics, Vol. 21, Nos. 6/7 (1982).
- 3.
The name “qubits” goes back the American theoretical physicist Benjamin Schumacher, see: B. Schumacher, Quantum coding, Physical Review A 51 (4): 2738–2747 (1995).
- 4.
However, so far there are only a few known algorithms that could really use the exponential computing power of a quantum computer. Such algorithms are very hard to find. So not just any arithmetic operation can be made exponentially faster with the use of a quantum computer.
- 5.
This illustration is taken from J. Preskill, Quantum Computing in the NISQ era and beyond, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1801.00862.pdf and is based on a keynote speech at the conference Quantum Computing for Business, 5 December 2017 (video on www.q2b.us).
- 6.
Different practical ways to implement quantum computers are well described in: S. Aaronson, Quantum Computing since Democritus, Cambridge (2013).
- 7.
P. Shor, Algorithms for quantum computation: Discrete logarithms and factoring, Proc. 35nd Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, IEEE Computer Society Press (1994). Shor was able to show that while the runtime of classical factorization algorithms increases exponentially with the size of the prime number, the increase is only polynomial with the size of the number with his algorithm running on quantum computer. The basic building block of his method is a complex mathematical operation, the so-called Quantum Fourier Transformation.
- 8.
R. Laughlin, A Different Universe: Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down, New York (2006).
- 9.
The much cited “quantum computer” of the firm D-Wave is a special form of a quantum simulator.
- 10.
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Jaeger, L. (2018). Incredibly Fast: From the Digital to the Quantum Computer. In: The Second Quantum Revolution. Copernicus, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98824-5_4
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