Skip to main content

Changing Minds: Multitasking During Lectures

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Higher Education Computer Science

Abstract

This chapter takes a multidisciplinary approach to multitasking . Media multitasking has, consequently, become a frequent topic amongst academics yet some remarkable new research reveals we may not be taking into full account the changes to our students’ ability to learn given the changes to their brains. The risks of multitasking to student achievement has been well researched yet many of the positive related developments in the neurosciences are less well known. This chapter reviews some of this research bringing together information foraging theory, cognitive control and confirmation bias as they relate to the multitasking Generation Z student in higher education . Some significant research findings are discussed including using laptops and similar devices in the classroom. A small survey underpins these discussions at the end of the chapter highlighting student perspectives on multitasking during lectures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Between 2011 and 2017 smartphone use doubled from 21.6 to 44.9 million in the United Kingdom.

  2. 2.

    For a further explanation of adult cognitive plasticity (see Lövdén et al. 2010).

  3. 3.

    Our survey found 55% of students multitasked due to boredom. 62% identified lecturers reading from slides as another cause for multitasking during formal lectures.

  4. 4.

    Our survey found 55% of students multitasked due to boredom. 62% identified lecturers reading from slides as another cause for multitasking during formal lectures.

  5. 5.

    Searching the word “multitasking” site: indeed.com and “multitasking” site: indeed.co.uk show a difference of 73,300 US compared to 6760 UK. This may suggest a difference in educational and employment emphasis. It could also be just a reflection of population differences.

  6. 6.

    Seth Godin is a well known entrepreneur, bestselling author, writer and marketing and leadership blogger.

References

  • Anshari M, Almunawar MN, Shahrill M, Wicaksono DK, Huda M (2017) Smartphones usage in the classrooms: learning aid or interference? Educ Inf Technol 22(6):3063–3079

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bellur S, Nowak KL, Hull KS (2015) Make it our time: in class multitaskers have lower academic performance. Comput Hum Behav 53(2015):63–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burak LJ (2012) Multitasking in the university classroom. Int J Sch Teach Learn 6(2):1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassilhas RC, Tufik S, de Mello MT (2016) Physical exercise, neuroplasticity, spatial learning and memory. Cell Mol Life Sci: CMLS 73(5):975–983

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clapp WC, Gazzaley A (2012) Distinct mechanisms for the impact of distraction and interruption on working memory in aging. Neurobiol Aging 33(1):134–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Crenshaw D (2008) The myth of multitasking: how “doing it all” gets nothing done. Wiley

    Google Scholar 

  • Dux PE, Tombu MN, Harrison S, Rogers BP, Tong F, Marois R (2009) Training improves multitasking performance by increasing the speed of information processing in human prefrontal cortex. Neuron 63(1):127–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dynarski S (2017) Laptops are great. But not during a lecture or a meeting. The New York Times. Accessed 23 June 2018

    Google Scholar 

  • Eagan K, Stolzenberg EB, Ramirez JJ, Aragon MC, Suchard MR, Hurtado S (2017) The American freshman: national norms fall 2016. Los Angeles, Higher Education Research Institute, UCLA

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisner S, Rohde K (1959) Note taking during or after the lecture. J Educ Psychol 50(6):301–304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Firat M (2013) Continuous partial attention as a problematic technology use: a case of educators. J Educators Online 10(2):1–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fried CB (2008) In-class laptop use and its effects on student learning. Comput Educ 50(3):906–914

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garner KG, Dux PE (2015) Training conquers multitasking costs by dividing task representations in the frontoparietal-subcortical system. Proc Nat Acad Sci 112(46):14372–14377

    Google Scholar 

  • Gazzaley A, Rosen L (2016) The distracted mind: ancient brains in a high-tech world. MIT Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Godin S (2017) No laptops in the lecture hall. Medium. Available at https://medium.com/@thisissethsblog/no-laptops-in-the-lecture-hall-1847b6d3315. Accessed 23 June 2018

  • Greenfield S (2015) Mind change: how digital technologies are leaving their mark on our brains. Random House Incorporated

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatten ME, Lisberger SG (2013) Neuroscience: Multitasking on the run. ELife 2:e00641

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Junco R (2012) In-class multitasking and academic performance. Comput Hum Behav 28(6):2236–2243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer A, Wiegmann D, Kirlik A (2007) Attention: from theory to practice, vol 4. Oxford University Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Krebs J (1977) Optimal foraging: theory and experiment. Nature 268:583–584

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loh KK, Kanai R (2015) How has the Internet reshaped human cognition? The Neuroscientis 22(5):506–520

    Google Scholar 

  • Lövdén M, Bäckman L, Lindenberger U, Schaefer S, Schmiedek F (2010) A theoretical framework for the study of adult cognitive plasticity. Psychol Bull 136(4):659

    Google Scholar 

  • MacArthur RH, Pianka ER (1966) On optimal use of a patchy environment. Am Nat 100(916):603–609

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra J, Anguera JA, Gazzaley A (2016) Video Games for neuro-cognitive optimization. Neuron 90(2):214–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra J, Anguera JA, Ziegler DA, Gazzaley A (2013) A cognitive framework for understanding and improving interference resolution in the brain. In Progress in brain research, vol. 207, pp. 351–377. Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller PA, Oppenheimer DM (2014) The pen is mightier than the keyboard: advantages of longhand over laptop note taking. Psychol Sci 25(6):1159–1168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholas C (2010) The shallows: what the Internet is doing to our brains. Inc., WW Norton & Company

    Google Scholar 

  • Ophir E, Nass C, Wagner AD (2009) Cognitive control in media multitaskers. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106(37):15583–15587

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pirolli P (2007) Information foraging theory: adaptive interaction with information. Oxford University Press

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pirolli P, Card S (1995) Information foraging in information access environments. In: Proceedings of conference on human factors in computing systems, pp 51–58. ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co

    Google Scholar 

  • Reisenwitz TH, Iyer R (2009) Differences in generation X and generation Y: implications for the organization and marketers. Mark Manage J 19(2)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothbart MK, Posner MI (2015) The developing brain in a multitasking world. Dev Rev 35:42–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Samaha M, Hawi NS (2016) Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life. Comput Hum Behav 57:321–325

    Google Scholar 

  • Sana F, Weston T, Cepeda NJ (2013) Laptop multitasking hinders classroom learning for both users and nearby peers. Comput Educ 62:24–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanbonmatsu DM, Strayer DL, Medeiros-Ward N, Watson JM (2013) Who multi-tasks and why? Multi-tasking ability, perceived multi-tasking ability, impulsivity, and sensation seeking. PloS One 8(1):e54402

    Google Scholar 

  • Statista (2017) Forcast of smartphone user numbers in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2015–2022. Available at https://www.statista.com/statistics/270821/smartphone-user-in-the-united-kingdom-uk/

  • Strayer DL, Watson JM (2012) Supertaskers and the multitasking brain. Sci Am Mind 23(1):22–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tassone A, Liu JJ, Reed MJ, Vickers K (2017) Multitasking in the classroom: testing an educational intervention as a method of reducing multitasking. Active Learn High Educ. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787417740772

  • Terry CA, Mishra P, Roseth CJ (2016) Preference for multitasking, technological dependency, student metacognition, & pervasive technology use: an experimental intervention. Comput Hum Behav 65:241–251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Highway Traffic Safety Administration N, Department of Transportation U (2016) Traffic safety facts driver electronic device use in 2016 (June 2017), pp.1–8. Available at https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812426

  • Verghese A, Garner KG, Mattingley JB, Dux PE (2016) Prefrontal cortex structure predicts training-induced improvements in multitasking performance. J Neurosci 36(9):2638–2645

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • VitalSource (2015) Students Want More from Classroom Tech survey reveals. Available at https://www.vitalsource.com/press/fifth-annual-vitalsource-wakefield-survey-finds-college-students-want-more-and-better-classroom-technology. Accessed 2 April 2017

  • Watson JM, Strayer DL (2010) Supertaskers: profiles in extraordinary multitasking ability. Psychon Bull Rev 17(4):479–485

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Liz Coulter-Smith .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Coulter-Smith, L. (2018). Changing Minds: Multitasking During Lectures. In: Carter, J., O'Grady, M., Rosen, C. (eds) Higher Education Computer Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98590-9_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98590-9_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-98589-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-98590-9

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics