Abstract
Family business groups are highly complex ownership structures. In this chapter, we suggest that owning a family business group needs to create benefits that overcome the transaction costs and ownership costs emerging from the complexities of ownership. We separate the effects of ownership into two main categories: the legal effects and the emotional effects. In terms of legal ownership, the control over the business and its resources suggests a freedom to operate the businesses and claims on their resources, to append new businesses to the FBG, to organize their relationships between the separate businesses and to exit from the businesses at will. The emotional benefits include the service of the owners’ self-deserving interests, positive effects on the family cohesion and togetherness and growth in social recognition and status. It seems that ownership along with its multiple effects may play a more vital role in explaining the development of family business groups than has been previously thought.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahuvia, A.C. 2005. Beyond the Extended Self: Loved Objects and Consumers’ Identity Narratives. Journal of Consumer Research. 32 (1): 171–184.
Almeida, H., and D. Wolfenzon. 2006. A Theory of Pyramidal Ownership and Family Business Groups. The Journal of Finance 61 (6): 2637–2680.
Anderson, R.C., and D.M. Reeb. 2003. Founding Family Ownership and Firm Performance: Evidence from the S&P 500. Journal of Finance 58: 1301–1328.
Aronoff, Craig E., and John L. Ward. 1996. Family Business Governance: Maximizing Family and Business Potential. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Print.
Astrachan, Joseph H., and Peter Jaskiewicz. 2008. Emotional Returns and Emotional Costs in Privately Held Family Businesses: Advancing Traditional Business Valuation. Family Business Review 21 (2): 139–149.
Baek, J., J. Kang, and K.S. Park. 2004. Corporate Governance and Firm Value: Evidence from the Korean Financial Crisis. Journal of Financial Economics 71 (2): 205–415.
Behrman, J.R., O.S. Mitchell, C.K. Soo, and D. Bravo. 2012. How Financial Literacy Affects Household Wealth Accumulation. American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings 102 (3): 300–304.
Belk, R.W. 1988. Possessions and the Extended Self. Journal of Consumer Research 15: 139–168.
Bernhard, Fabian, and Michael P. O’Driscoll. 2011. Psychological Ownership in Small Family-Owned Businesses: Leadership Style and Nonfamily-Employees Work Attitudes and Behaviors. Group & Organization Management. 36 (3): 345–384.
Brundin, Elin, E.F. Samuelsson, and Leif Melin. 2005. The Family Ownership Logic – Core Characteristics of Family Controlled Businesses. Paper Presented at the Family Business Network 16th World Conference, Brussels, September.
Carter, S., and M. Ram. 2003. Reassessing Portfolio Entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics 21 (4): 371–380.
Chrisman, J.J., J.H. Chua, and Shaker A. Zahra. 2003. Crating Wealth in Family Firms Through Managing Resources: Comments and Extensions. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practise 27 (4): 359–365.
Claessens, Stijn, Simeon Djankov, Joseph P.H. Fan, and Larry H.P. Lang. 1999. The Separation of Ownership and Control in East Asian Corporations. Journal of Financial Economics 58: 81–112.
Cocutz, J.T. (1953). Does Social Ownership Have Any Meaning? Ethics 64 (1): 46–50. Published by: The University of Chicago Press.
Colli, A. 2003. The History of Family Business. Cambridge: Economic History Society, Cambridge University Press.
De Visscher, F.M., C.E. Aronoff, and J.L. Ward. 1995. Financing Transitions; Managing Capital and Liquidity in the Family Business. Marietta: Business Owner Resource.
Del Giudice, Manolio. 2017. From Family Businesses to Business Groups. In Understanding Family-Owned Business Groups. Palgrave Studies in Democracy, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship for Growth. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Demsetz, H. 1988. Ownership, Control, and the Firm. In The Organization of Economic Activity. Vol. 1. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Dittmar, H. 1992. The Social Psychology of Material Possessions: To Have Is Not to Be. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Ehrhardt, O., E. Nowak, and F.-M. Weber 2005. ‘Running in the Family’ The Evolution of Ownership, Control, and Performance in German Family-Owned Firms 1903–2003, Working Paper. University of Berlin.
Emerson, R.M. 1962. Power-Dependence Relations. American Sociological Review. 27 (1): 31–41.
Errington, A.J., and M. Lobley. 2002. Handing Over the Reins; a Comparative Study of Intergenerational Farm Transfers in England, France, Canada and USA. Paper Presented at the Meeting of the Agricultural Economics Society, Aberystwyth.
Furby, L. 1980. The Origins and Early Development of Possessive Behaviour. Political Psychology 2 (1): 30–42.
Gersick, K.E., J.A. Davis, M.M. Hampton, and I. Lansberg. 1997. Generation to Generation, Life Cycles of the Family Business. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Gersick, K.E., I. Lansberg, M. Desjardins, and B. Dunn. 1999. Stages and Transitions: Managing Change in the Family Business. Family Business Review 12 (4): 287–297.
Gregg, Aiden P., Nikhila Mahadevan, and Constantine Sedikides. 2018. Taking the High Ground: The Impact of Social Status on the Derogation of Ideological Opponents. Social Cognition 36 (1): 43–77.
Grunebaum, J.O. 1987. Private Ownership. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Habbershon, T.G., and J. Pistrui. 2002. Enterprising Families Domain: Family-Influenced Ownership Groups in Pursuit of Transgenerational Wealth. Family Business Review 15 (3): 223–237.
Habbershon, T., M. Williams, and I.C. MacMillan. 2003. A Unified Systems Perspective of Family Firm Performance. Journal of Business Venturing 18 (5): 451–465.
Hall, A. 2005. Beyond the Legal: Psychological Ownership and Responsibility in the Family Business. Paper Presented at the FBN 16th Annual World Conference, Brussels, September.
Hall, A., L. Melin, and M. Nordqvist. 2001. Entrepreneurship as Radical Change in the Family Business: Exploring the Role of Cultural Patterns. Family Business Review 14 (3): 193–208.
Hoy, Frank, and Trudy G. Verser. 1994. Emerging Business, Emerging Field: Entrepreneurship and the Family Firm. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 19 (1): 9–23.
Ikävalko, Markku, Timo Pihkala, and Sascha Kraus. 2010. The Role of Owner-Managers’ Psychological Ownership in SME Strategic Behavior. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship. 23 (3): 461–480.
Jaffe, D.T., and S.H. Lane. 2004. Sustaining a Family Dynasty: Key Issues Facing Complex Multigenerational Business- and Investment-Owning Families. Family Business Review 17 (1): 81–98.
Jehn, K.A., and E.A. Mannix. 2001. The Dynamic Nature of Conflict: A Longitudinal Study of Intragroup Conflict and Group Performance. Academy of Management Journal 44 (2): 238–251.
Johannisson, B., and M. Huse. 2000. Recruiting Outside Board Members in the Small Family Business: An Ideological Challenge. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 12 (4): 353–378.
Johnson, Simon, Rafael La Porta, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes, and Andrei Shleifer. 2000. Tunnelling. American Economic Review 90 (2): 22–27.
Johnston, S.E. (2007). The Family Business: Statistics, Profiles and Peculiarities. Business Management Dept.-De La Salle University.
Jussila, Iiro. 2007. Omistajuus asiakasomisteisissa osuuskunnissa [eng. Ownership in Customer-owned Co-operatives (Doctoral Dissertation)]. Acta Universitatis Lappeenrantaensis 271. ISBN 978-952-214-408-9.
Karlsson Stider, A. 2002. Familjen & Firman. Ph.D. Thesis, EFI. The Economic Research Institute at the Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm.
Kellermanns, F.W., and K. Eddleston. 2006. Corporate Entrepreneurship in Family Firms: A Family Perspective. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 30 (6): 809–830.
Khanna, T., and Y. Yafeh. 2007. Business Groups in Emerging Markets: Paragons or Parasites? Journal of Economic Literature 45 (2): 331–372.
Kim, J.-B., and C.H. Yi. 2006. Ownership Structure, Business Group Affiliation, Listing Status, and Earnings Management: Evidence from Korea. Contemporary Accounting Research 23 (2): 427–464.
Lemmon, M.L., and K.V. Lins. 2003. Ownership Structure, Corporate Governance, and Firm Value: Evidence from the East Asian Financial Crisis. The Journal of Finance 58 (4): 1445–1468.
Lynn, F.B., J.M. Podolny, and L. Tao. 2009. A Sociological (De)construction of the Relationship Between Status and Quality. American Journal of Sociology 115: 755–804.
Mäkimattila, M., M. Rautiainen, and T. Pihkala. 2016. Systemic Innovation in Complex Business Portfolios – A Case Study. International Journal of Business Innovation and Research 10 (2/3): 363–379.
Mattila, J., and M. Ikävalko. 2003. Participative Strategy Process in a Professional Organization and the Concept of Psychological Ownership. Paper Presented in NORDFEK Conference, Island.
Meglino, B.M., and E.C. Ravlin. 1998. Individual Values in Organizations: Concepts, Controversies, and Research. Journal of Management 24: 351–389.
Mittal, B. 2006. I, Me and Mine – How Products Become Consumers’ Extended Selves. Journal of Consumer Behaviour. 5 (5): 550–562.
Montgomery, C.A. 1994. Corporate Diversification. Journal of Economic Perspectives 8 (3): 163–178.
Mustakallio, M., E. Autio, and S. Zahra. 2002. Relational and Contractual Governance in Family Firms: Effects on Strategic Decision Making. Family Business Review 15 (3): 205–223.
Nordqvist, M. (2005). Understanding the Role of Ownership in Strategizing: A Study of Family Firms, JIBS Dissertation Series, No. 29. Jönköping: Jönköping International Business School.
Piazza, Alessandro, and Fabrizio Castellucci. 2013. Status in Organization and Management Theory. Journal of Management. 40 (1): 287–315.
Pierce, J.L., T. Kostova, and K.T. Dirks. 2001. Toward a Theory of Psychological Ownership in Organizations. Academy of Management Review 26 (2): 298–310.
———. 2003. The State of Psychological Ownership: Integrating and Extending a Century of Research. A Review of General Psychology 7 (1): 84–107.
Rautiainen, M. 2012. Dynamic Ownership in Family Business Systems – A Portfolio Approach. Dissertation. Acta universitatis Lappeenrantaensis 485, Lappeenranta University of Technology.
Ridgeway, C.L., and K.G. Erickson. 2000. Creating and Spreading Status Beliefs. American Journal of Sociology 106: 579–615.
Sandford, C. 1984. Economics of Public Finance. 3rd ed. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Schneper, W.D., S. Celo, and N.K. Jain. 2008. Agents, Altruism, and Corporate Governance: The Impact of Family Ownership on Non-executive Compensation and Training. Proceedings of ASBBS 15 (1): 1340–1352.
Schulze, W.S., M.H. Lubatkin, and R.N. Dino. 2003. Exploring the Agency Consequences of Ownership Dispersion Among the Directors of Private Family Firms. Academy of Management Journal 46: 179–194.
Schwass, J. 2008. Dealing with the Complexity of Family Business; Strategies for Long-Term Success. Lausanne: IMD.
Schwass, J., and A.A. Diversé. 2006. Private Wealth: Origin and Destination from Entrepreneurship to Family Offices. IMD, Perspective for Managers No. 140, 1–4.
Scott, M., and P. Rosa. 1996. Has Firm Level Analysis Reached Its Limits? Time for a Rethink. International Small Business Journal 14 (4): 81–89.
Sedikides, C., and M.B. Brewer. 2001. Individual Self, Relational Self, and Collective Self. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
Sharma, P., J.J. Chrisman, and J.H. Chua. 2003. Succession Planning as Planned Behavior: Some Empirical Results. Family Business Review 16 (1): 1–16.
Skvoretz, J., and T.J. Fararo. 1996. Status and Participation in Task Groups: A Dynamic Network Model. American Journal of Sociology 101: 1366–1414.
Stein, B.A. 1976. Collective Ownership, Property Rights, and Control of the Corporation. Journal of Economic Issues 10 (2): 298–313.
Sund, L.-G., and P.-O. Bjuggren. 2008. Protection of Ownership in Family Firms, the Owner and Management Perspective. Paper Presented at the Bangkok International Forum on Indigenous Management Practice (BIFIM), Kasetsart University, Bangkok.
Thomas, J. 2002. Freeing the Shackles of Family Business Ownership. Family Business Review 15 (4): 321–336.
Tyler, Tom, and Steven Blader. 2003. The Group Engagement Model: Procedural Justice, Social Identity, and Cooperative Behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review. 7 (4): 349–361.
Ucbasaran, D., P. Westhead, and M. Wright. 2001. The Focus of Entrepreneurial Research: Contextual and Process Issues. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 25 (4): 57–80.
Ward, J.L. 1997. Growing the Family Business: Special Challenges and Best Practices. Family Business Review 10 (4): 323–337.
———. 2001. Developing Effective Ownership in the Family Controlled Business. Director’s Monthly 25 (7): 1–9.
Westhead, P., D. Ucbasaran, and M. Wright. 2005. Decisions, Actions, and Performance: Do Novice, Serial, and Portfolio Entrepreneurs Differ? Journal of Small Business Management 43 (4): 393–417.
White, J.M. 1991. Dynamics of Family Development: The Theory of Family Development. New York: Guilford.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pihkala, T., Goel, S., Rautiainen, M., Mukherjee, K., Ikävalko, M. (2019). Deciphering Ownership of Family Business Groups. In: Rautiainen, M., Rosa, P., Pihkala, T., Parada, M.J., Cruz, A.D. (eds) The Family Business Group Phenomenon. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98542-8_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98542-8_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-98541-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-98542-8
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)