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Musculoskeletal Physiology, Disability, and Exercise

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Abstract

For exercise and health to be maximized for people living with mobility limitations, the external environment must be modified. However, at the same time, human physiology must be carefully addressed, specifically neuroendocrine, muscular, and bone development and their maintenance/optimal functioning. Both the external and internal environments are unique to each individual person and their situation with respect to ability/disability. With respect to internal physiology and its impact upon functioning, we must understand that the human body is a complex system that consists of interacting subsystems that positively and negatively regulate each other. Furthermore, cells and tissues both cooperate and compete with one another under these regulatory systems in an ecological fashion that is quite similar to the external environments of animals, plants, and microbes for a given biome. Exercise and health, besides maintaining body structures and preventing obesity, involve natural physiological controls whose effects impact every aspect of human health. Enhancing bone, muscle, and neuroendocrine functioning can benefit the functioning of people living with mobility limitations so that they can live independent, healthy lives.

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Abbreviations

BMP:

Bone morphogenetic proteins

BRU:

Bone remodeling unit

CD:

Cluster of differentiation (many types of immune cell membrane glycoproteins)

CNTF:

Ciliary neurotrophic factor

CRP:

C-reactive protein

FAM5C:

Family with sequence similarity 5, member C myokine

FGF:

Fibroblast growth factor

GDF:

Growth differentiation factor

HLA:

Human leukocyte antigen

HPA:

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

ICF:

International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

IFN:

Interferon

IGF:

Insulin-like growth factor

IL:

Interleukin

MCP:

Monocyte chemoattractant protein

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

MIP:

Macrophage inflammatory protein

MMP:

Matrix metalloproteinase

NAP:

Nucleosome assembly protein

NMES:

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation

PTH:

Parathyroid hormone

RANTES:

Regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted

SCI:

Spinal cord injury

SMAD:

Signaling molecule for TGF-beta receptor molecules

TBI:

Traumatic brain injury

TGF:

Transforming growth factor

Th1:

Cell-mediated (pro-inflammatory) immunity

Th2:

Humoral- or antibody-mediated immunity

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

Wnt:

Wingless integration proto-oncogene

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  1. Health Administration, Pfeiffer University, Misenheimer, NC, USA

    David Hollar

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  1. Health Administration, Pfeiffer University, Misenheimer, NC, USA

    David Hollar

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Hollar, D. (2019). Musculoskeletal Physiology, Disability, and Exercise. In: Hollar, D. (eds) Advances in Exercise and Health for People With Mobility Limitations. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98452-0_5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98452-0_5

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