Brazil Consumer and Tourism Laws

Sanches Lima, Maria Goretti

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98376-9_2

Maria Goretti Sanches Lima²

268 Accesses

Abstract

Consumer law in Brazil employs a clear layout of principles. The principle of vulnerability, which underlies Article 4 (I) of the Consumer Defence Code as further explained, is the cornerstone of consumer law. In particular, if the courts have not considered the principle of vulnerability on consumer matters, the rights of individuals in many important aspects would have been lost. Consumer Law absorbs and intertwines tourism issues. Whlist Consumer Law is a clear field of law, Tourism Law is a sub-set of Consumer Law rather than a separate field of law.

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Notes

1.
The main principles: (1) the vulnerability of the consumer, (2) the transparency of the consumer relationship (duty of information), and (3) the balance and harmonisation of interests on the grounds of good faith.
2.
For instance, Bill n° 186/2018 amends the CDC to assign the consumer’s right for booking in advance and for free flight’s seats operated into Brazilian territory. Bill n° 68/2013 amends the CDC to assign the nature of an extrajudicial power to the agreement settled before consumer protection agencies.
3.
CF, 1988, Arts 115 to 117.
4.
Pinheiro and Saddi (2006), p. 398.
5.
Act 9.840, 1946.
6.
Act 4.137, 1962.
7.
Act 4.717, 1965, named ‘ação popular’ (Statute of collective redress).
8.
Act 7.347, 1985, named ‘ação civil pública’ (Statute of collective civil redress).
9.
STF REsp 351.750-3/RJ, j.2009, vote of Min. Cezar Peluso.
10.
According to Decree 2.181/97, the acronym of the Consumer Protection National System is SNDC (Sistema Nacional de Defesa do Consumidor).
11.
PROCON is a Public Agency of Protection and Defence of Consumers (Fundação de Proteção e Defesa do Consumidor).
12.
The National Consumer Department: it is known in Brazilian Portuguese as Secretaria Nacional do Consumidor (SENACON).
13.
See Procons’ list at: http://www.portaldoconsumidor.gov.br/procon.asp?acao=buscar website visited on 15.06.2017.
14.
Amount converted into euro: €63,549.63 in August 2014.
15.
TJSP Ap.0009326-39.2011.8.26.0053/SP, j.2013.
16.
Act 8.078, 1990, Art 44.
17.
Act 8.137, 1990, on crimes against the tax system, economic and consumer relationships, and other matters; also Act 8.884, 1994 on prevention and repression of offenses against the economy among other matters.
18.
Alves (2010), p. 338.
19.
Portaria 1.886, Ministry of Sport and Education, 1994, Art 6, (II), sole paragraph.
20.
Nunes and Serrano (2005), pp. 148–149.
21.
Act 8.078, 1990, Art 35.
22.
Rocha (2010), pp. 90, 92.
23.
Bandeira de Melo (2003), p. 45.
24.
Act 8.078, 1990, Art 47.
25.
TJSP Ap.992.05.032177-2/Campinas, j.2010.
26.
Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air—Montreal, 28 May 1999, Art 23.
27.
Act 7.565, 1986, Art 257, 260, 262, 269.
28.
Example: The various kinds of air contracts or contract clauses have tended to feature quite strongly that ‘(..) the Convention governs and in most cases limits the liability of carriers for death or personal injury and in respect of loss of or damage to baggage. See notices headed Advice to International Passengers on Liability and Notice of Baggage Liability Limitations.’
29.
Sanches Lima (2012), p. 3.
30.
Act 8.078, 1990, Art 47.
31.
Benjamin et al. (2010), p. 119.
32.
STF REsp 351.750-3/RJ, j.2009.
33.
STF ADIN 2.591-1/DF (2006), p. 156.
34.
Act 8.078, 1990, Art 81, Sole paragraph (III), Art 82 (I), 92.
35.
Nery and Nery (2006), p. 181.
36.
Benjamin et al. (2010), pp. 108–109.
37.
Idem, p. 113.
38.
Idem, p. 85.
39.
Idem, p. 48.
40.
Nunes and Serrano (2005), p. 8.
41.
Nery Jr., Nelson apud De Lucca (2008), pp. 105–106.
42.
Nery and Nery (2006), p. 214.
43.
Decree 2.181, 1997 on National Consumer System—SNDC, and Decree 7.962, 2013 on electronic commerce.
44.
Decree 7.962, 2013, Art 2 (I) to (VI).
45.
Idem, Art 4 (I) to (VII).
46.
This is around €1.8 million in 2015.
47.
Act 8.078, 1990, Art 57 Sole paragraph.
48.
Idem, Art 82 (III).
49.
Act 8.078, 1990, Art 12 § 3 (I) (II) (III).
50.
Benjamin et al. (2010), pp. 99–100.
51.
STJ Súmula 297 (2004).
52.
Act 11.771, 2008, Art 27.
53.
TJSP Ap.9055447-05.2009.8.26.0000/SP, j.2012.
54.
Act 8.078, 1990, Art 7, Sole paragraph.
55.
Act 8.078, 1990, Art 12 § 3 (I) (II) (III).
56.
Idem, Art 3 Para 2.
57.
TJSP Ap.282.996-4/7-00/SP, j.2009.
58.
TJSP Ap.0226796-31.2006.8.26.0100/SP, j.2012.
59.
Act 8.078, 1990, Art 39, IX.
60.
Benjamin et al. (2010), p. 256.
61.
Act 12.529, 2011, Art 36 § (3) item I, d) XVIII.
62.
Gloria (2003), p. 145.
63.
Marques (2011), p. 841.
64.
STJ REsp 1.102.849/RS, j.2009.
65.
Act 8.078, 1990, Art 2.
66.
Idem, Arts 17 and 29.
67.
Act 8.078, 1990, Arts 2, 17, 29.
68.
Idem, Art 2.
69.
Idem, Art 2, Sole paragraph.
70.
Idem, Art 17.
71.
Idem, Art 29.
72.
See Sect. 2.1.3.1.
73.
CF, 1988, Art 5 (XXXII): The State will promote by law, the defence of the consumer.
74.
Act 8.078, 1990, Art 17, 29.
75.
STJ REsp 279.273/SP, j.2003.
76.
TJSP Ap.990.10.136973-7/SP, j.2010.
77.
Benjamin et al. (2010), pp. 79, 83.
78.
See further Sect. 2.1.3.1.
79.
STF ADIN 2.591-1/DF (2006).
80.
Marques (2011), pp. 109, 394, 395.
81.
Act 8.078, 1990, Art 17.
82.
Idem, Arts 29, and 2 Sole paragraph.
83.
Marques (2011), p. 304.
84.
Marques and Miragem (2012), p. 162.
85.
STJ REsp 1.195.642/RJ, j.2012, (4).
86.
Marques and Miragem (2012), p. 162.
87.
Idem, pp. 155, 156.
88.
TJSP Ap.0451170-97.2010.8.26.0000/SP, j.2012, see vote divergent p. 2. The decision cited Marques, Claudia Lima: ‘There are cases in which small companies use goods or services in the production line. Hence, they are not used or at least mixed with service area, but not in the expertise area of the company. If the vulnerability is proofed it is feasible to conclude for the final destination of the product or service acquired, and the CDC will apply.’
89.
Marques and Miragem (2012), p. 159.
90.
The intermediary, representative or distributor.
91.
The manufacturer or the service provider.
92.
STJ REsp 1.195.642/RJ, j.2012, (5).
93.
STJ REsp 1.195.642/RJ, j.2012.
94.
Benjamin et al. (2010), p. 87.
95.
B2B Contracts are also covered by the Commercial Code.
96.
STJ REsp 1.195.642/RJ, j.2012: This case is an example that involved a dealership car which claimed compensation for damage caused by defects in their phone lines. Because of the vast amount of investments in advertising, those investments became worthless given the inability to answer calls from potential customers. The use of the service of phone lines may be accounted as mixed with the main activity of selling cars to achieve the final result of it.
97.
Benjamin et al. (2010), p. 85.
98.
Act 7.565, 1986, Art 228.
99.
TJSP Ap.0022927-43.2006.8.26.0068/SP, j.2013, p. 5.
100.
Benjamin et al. (2010), pp. 87, 88.
101.
TJSP Ap.0451170-97.2010.8.26.0000/SP, j.2012, see divergent vote p. 2.
102.
Marques (2011), pp. 17, 652.
103.
Benjamin et al. (2010), p. 259. See comments on the previous title: 1.3.1. Consumer vulnerability: ‘the vulnerability is classified in technical, legal, factual and informational.’
104.
Marques (2011), p. 369.
105.
Marques and Miragem (2012), pp. 11, 147, 187.
106.
Benjamin et al. (2010), p. 93.
107.
Marques and Miragem (2012), p. 187.
108.
STJ REsp 586.316/MG, j.2007, pp. 1, 3, 13, 22, 23, 25.
109.
Note: The principle of vulnerability of the CDC is presumed to the consumer while a natural person, but has to be proved by legal entities if they pursue the protection of the CDC.
110.
Act 8.069, 1990, Statute of children and teenager (Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente).
111.
Act 7.853, 1989, Statute of disabled person (Estatuto do Portador de Deficiência). Note: the statute is currently under revision by the parliament.
112.
Act 10.741, 2003, Statute of elderly (Estatuto do Idoso).
113.
Decree 5.296, 2004, Art 5 (II) § 2, persons over 60 years old, pregnant, lactating women, and persons with an infant in their arms.
114.
Act 8.078, 1990, Art 37, § 2.
115.
Idem, Art 39.
116.
The Convention was adopted in 2006 and entered into force on May 3rd, of 2008. So far, 145 States parties have signed the treaty. Brazil signed it on 30/03/2007 and ratified the Convention and the Protocol on August 1st, of 2008.
117.
Decree 6.949, 2009, Regulation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
118.
TJSP Ap.0014757-59.2009.8.26.0268/SP, j.2014.
119.
Decree 5.296, 2004, Art 5 § 1, (I).
120.
STJ REsp 931.513/RS, j.2009, p. 4.
121.
TJSP Ap.0035373-72.2012.8.26.0002/SP, j.2013, pp. 4, 6.
122.
The municipality has the jurisdiction to legislate about free of charge transportation to disable persons.
123.
TJSP Ap.0011086-52.2011.8.26.0302/SP, j.2014. Note: According to Art 5 § 1 of the Decree 5.296/2004 the disabled person is one who has the limitation or inability to perform an activity and therefore falls in the following categories: (a) physical disability (full or partially), (b) hearing disability (bilateral loss, full or partially), (c) visual impairment, (d) mental retardation and (e) multiple disabilities—association of two or more disabilities.
124.
Act 7.853, 1989 and its regulation the Decree 3.289/99, the Act 10.048, 2000 and Act 10.098, 2000 regulated by Decree 5.296/04. The Act 8.899, 1994 refers to gratuity in interstate public transportation system.
125.
TJSP Ap.0029172-84.2009.8.26.0482/SP, j.2014.
126.
STJ REsp 677.872/PR, j.2005.
127.
ANAC Resolution 280, 2013.
128.
Act 10.048, 2000.
129.
STJ AgRg REsp 1.162.156/RJ, j.2013.
130.
Act 10.741, 2003 Art 39 § 1 § 2.
131.
Idem, Art 39 § 3.
132.
Idem, Art 23.
133.
Decree 5.296, 2004, Art 5 § 1 (II) § 2.
134.
Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas.
135.
ABNT NBR 9050:2004.
136.
Act 11.771, 2008, Art 6 (V).
137.
MTUR-Ministerio do Turismo. Turismo acessivel (2013).
138.
Theodoro Junior (2011), p. 165.
139.
STJ REsp 200.390/SP, j.2000.
140.
Act 1.060, 1950, Lei de Assistência Judiciária Gratuita (statute of free legal aid).
141.
Marques and Miragem (2012), p. 161.
142.
TRF 3a. Região Ac.200661260032855, j.2009.
143.
Marques (2011), p. 12.
144.
STJ REsp 476.428/SC, j.2005.
145.
Note: Although barely possible, it is difficult to think that a traveller nowadays may travel by means of no-cost. It is possible to save money in some parts of the travel, such as having accommodation at the friend’s house, and hitchhike for one’s own carriage, which may providing free. However, in practical terms there will be always the need to buy a sandwich and/or hot coffee in the middle of the trip or to pay for a local bus ticket to complete the journey. In addition, in contrast to Brazil, in some European countries it is not possible to use public or private toilets without a small payment.
146.
Act 8.078, 1990, Art 2: A consumer is any physical person or legal entity who acquires or uses goods or service as a final addressee. About vulnerability of the legal entity, see Sect. 2.1.3.1.
147.
Heraclitus. A Greek philosopher (c.535–475 b.c.e.).
148.
https://www.ibge.gov.br/apps/populacao/projecao/index.html website visited on 14.05.2018.
149.
https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/sp/sao-paulo/panorama website visited on 14.05.2018.
150.
MTUR (2011/2014), p. 14.
151.
In the State of Sao Paulo the Act 9.155/95 requires that the Department of Public Safety shall disclose crime rates.
152.
Rodrigues dos Santos (2009), pp. 219–220.
153.
MTUR (2011/2014), p. 12.
154.
IMF, International Monetary Fund (April 2015), Executive Summary, p. xv.
155.
Idem, p. 57.
156.
IBGE, Economia do Turismo (2012), p. 7.
157.
MTUR (2011/2014), p. 42.
158.
MTUR (2011/2014), p. 43.
159.
MTUR (2011/2014), p. 44.
160.
Idem, p. 246.
161.
Idem, pp. 246–247.
162.
MTUR (2011/2014), p. 46.
163.
Act 11.771, 2008, Arts 15 to 20. The wording of the provision can be rephrased to ‘the fomentation of the tourist activities’.
164.
Idem, Art 21.
165.
Benjamin et al. (2010), p. 48.
166.
UNITED Nations, ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/83/Rev.1; 2008, § 2.4.
167.
MTUR, Brazilian Ministry of Tourism (2006–2012), p. 4.
168.
Parecer 35/71 do CFE—Conselho Federal da Educação.
169.
Portaria 1518/2000 do Ministério da Educação.
170.
Act 10.683, 2003, Statute of administrative organization of the Presidency and Ministry. In 2008, the Decree 6.705 recreated the CNTUR.
171.
CF, 1988, Art 24 (VII) and Art 180 recognised the importance of the tourism.
172.
Act 11.637, 2007.
173.
Act 8.623, 1993.
174.
Act 11.771, 2008.
175.
Decree 7.381, 2010, is the regulation of the Tourism National statute.
176.
Marques, Claudia Lima quoted by Nunes and Serrano (2005), p. 8.
177.
Machado (2004), p. 94.
178.
Act 11.771, 2008, Art 2, sole paragraph.
179.
Idem, Art 21.
180.
Idem, Art 27 § 3.
181.
Idem, Art 27 § 4.
182.
Idem, Art 22.
183.
Idem, Art 23.
184.
Idem, Art 23 § 2.
185.
Idem, Art 23 § 3.
186.
Idem, Art 27.
187.
Idem, Art 28.
188.
Idem, Art 30.
189.
Idem, Art 31.
190.
Idem, Art 32.
191.
Act 8.078, 1990, Art 7: The rights set forth in this Code do not exclude any other rights that may come as a result of international treaties or conventions ratified by Brazil. In addition, they do not exclude the internal legislation on regulations set forth by administrative authorities with jurisdiction, as well as any other rights that stem from the general principles of Law, analogy, custom and equity.
192.
STJ REsp 489.895/SP, j.2010: ‘According to Art 7 of the CDC, whether any statute grants rights to the consumer, this statute can join the consumer microsystem, including itself in the special protection of the consumer system (..) Thus, the deadline of Art 27 of the CDC does not apply to the file. It shall apply the deadline of Art 177 of the CC/16, because it is most favourable to the consumer.’
193.
Act 11.771, 2008, Art 24, II: the enterprises or legal entities known as condominium hotelier, flat, flat-hotel, hotel-residence, loft, apart-hotel, apart-service condominium, condo hotel and the like, that own a license to construct or certificate of construction concluded, issued by the competent authority, accompanied by the following documents: (..).
194.
Act 8.078, 1990, Art 7, Sole paragraph: lf the offense was carried out by more than one author, everyone will be jointly liable for the compensation of damages according to the norms of consumption. Art 34: The supplier of product or service is jointly liable for the actions taken by their representatives.
195.
TJSP Ap.0006109-36.2011.8.26.0037/SP, j.2014.
196.
Decree 7.381, 2010, Art 34 § 2 item IV, V.
197.
In Brazilian Portuguese it is named: ‘Contratos típicos’ or ‘Contratos nominados’.
198.
Act 7.565, 1986.
199.
In Brazilian Portuguese it is named: ‘Contratos atípicos’.
200.
Act 10.406, 2002, Art 425: The parties are allowed to set up innominate contracts, but general clauses shall be accounted.
201.
Decree 857, 1969, and Act 8.078, 1990, Art 53 § 3.
202.
Act 8.078, 1990, Art 52 § 1.
203.
Act 10.406, 2002, Art 422, and Act 8.078, 1990, Art 4, III.
204.
Act 8.078, 1990, Art 27.
205.
Idem, Art 51 § 2.
206.
Azevedo (2009), p. 132.
207.
Feuz (2003), pp. 62, 63.
208.
Ferraz (2005), p. 127.
209.
Idem, pp. 127, 128.
210.
Feuz (2003), pp. 61–71.
211.
Mamede (2004), p. 136.
212.
Beni (2001), p. 35.
213.
Scartezzini Guimarães (2010), p. 231.
214.
The so-called in Brazilian Portuguese: ‘Contratos típicos’.
215.
Scartezzini Guimarães (2010), p. 91.
216.
Act 10.406, 2002, Art 734. See also STF Sumula 161.
217.
Ferraz (2005), p. 170.
218.
Such as: the Montreal Convention, and the Code of Aeronautics—Act 7.565/86.
219.
The psychological consequences of personal injuries, in terms of pain, shock, consciousness that one’s life expectancy has been shortened, embarrassment caused by disfigurement, etc. Damages are assessed on the extent to which the claimant actually experiences these feelings. Oxford, A Dictionary of Law, 6th ed., New York, 2006.
220.
Act 7.565, 1986, Art 215: ‘It is considered domestic and governed by this code any carriage in which the starting points, intermediate and destination points, are located in national territory.’
221.
Montreal Convention, O.J. L194, 18.07.2001 Art 1, § 2: ‘For the purposes of this Convention, the expression “international carriage” means any carriage in which, according to the agreement between the parties, the place of departure and the place of destination, whether or not there be a break in the carriage or a transhipment, are situated either within the territories of two States Parties, or within the territory of a single State Party if there is an agreed stopping place within the territory of another State, even if that State is not a State Party. Carriage between two points within the territory of a single State Party without an agreed stopping place within the territory of another State is not international carriage for the purposes of this Convention.’
222.
Example: The various kinds of air contracts or contract clauses have tended to feature quite strongly that ‘(..) the Convention governs and in most cases limit the liability of carriers for death or personal injury and in respect of loss of or damage to baggage. See notices headed Advice to International Passengers on Liability and Notice of Baggage Liability Limitations.’ In Brazil the Convention was ratified by the Decree 5.910/06 that entered into force on 27th Sep., 2006.
223.
Benjamin et al. (2010), p. 113.
224.
DJ 17/03/1992, p. 3172. REPDJ 19/03/1992, p. 3201. RSTJ vol. 33, p. 513. RT vol. 677, p. 203.
225.
STJ AgIn 250.722/SP, j.1999, DJ 07/02/2000, p. 163.
226.
Benjamin et al. (2010), p. 119.
227.
Jayme (1995), pp. 259 apud Benjamin et al. (2010), pp. 108/109.
228.
Nery and Nery (2006), p. 196.
229.
STJ REsp 240.078/SP, j.2001.
230.
Act 11.771, 2008, Art 21 Sole Paragraph (VII).
231.
Idem, Art 21 (I) to (VI).
232.
See Sect. 2.1.3.3.
233.
Act 11.771, 2008, Art 23.
234.
It is known by the doctrine as ‘Contrato de hospedagem’ (Contract of hospitality).
235.
The so-called: ‘Contratos atípicos’ Act 10.406, 2002, Art 425.
236.
Scartezzini Guimarães (2010), p. 5.
237.
Idem, p. 6.
238.
TJSP AI 0056571-40.2013.8.26.0000/SP, j.2013.
239.
Scartezzini Guimarães (2010), p. 7.
240.
TJSP Ap.0102607-13.2008.8.26.0002/SP, j.2012. Moreover, aparthotel is excluded expressly from the tenancy statute: Act 8.245/91, Art 1, sole paragraph. The following are regulated by the Civil Code and special laws: (..) item IV: apart-hotels, hotels - residence or equivalent, considered as those that provide regular service to its users and as such are allowed to operate.
241.
Scartezzini Guimarães (2010), p. 10.
242.
Idem, p. 12.
243.
Idem, p. 12.
244.
Act 8.078, 1990, Art 12, 14.
245.
STJ REsp 1.102.849/RS, j.2009.
246.
Act 10.406, 2002, Art 649, sole paragraph: The hoteliers are liable as depositors. They are also liable for theft and robbery committed by his employees in their business premises.
247.
Idem, Art 651: The deposit is necessary and shall not be free of charge. In case of the Art 649 the payment for the deposit must be included in the price of the accommodation.
248.
Idem, Art 649.
249.
Idem, Art 651.
250.
Scartezzini Guimarães (2010), p. 39.
251.
Act 8.078, 1990, Art 12 § 3.
252.
STJ REsp 287.849/SP, j.2001.
253.
Deliberação Normativa 378, 12.08.1997.
254.
Decree 7.381, 2010, Art 28 § 3, § 4.
255.
According to Art 28 § 1 of the Decree 7.381 the supplier shall be a hotel service provider.
256.
Contract of adhesion is a ‘standard term contract’ which is offered to the consumer without negotiation of its terms. Though European Law has not literally adopted such a term, it is widely used in Brazil, e.g. Art 54 of the CDC specifies that: ‘A contract of adhesion is the one that the clauses have been approved by the competent authority or established unilaterally by the supplier of goods or services without the consumer having a chance to change its content substantially.’
257.
Decree 7.381, 2010, Art 28 § 1: the supplier shall be a hotel service provider.
258.
Scartezzini Guimarães (2010), p. 79/84. This author emphasises that although the contract of time sharing is not included in the category of a contract of accommodation, in particular cases it may be similar to it.
259.
Marcelino (2003), p. 748.
260.
TJRS Ap.598021970/RS, j.1998.
261.
Act 10.406, 2002, Art 408 to 416.
262.
STJ REsp 302.520/MG, j.2003.
263.
Benjamin et al. (2010), p. 361.
264.
Act 8.078, 1990, Art 52 § 2.
265.
Idem, Art 7, sole paragraph, and Arts 18, 25 § 1.
266.
Scartezzini Guimarães (2010), p. 84.
267.
Atheniense (2002), pp. 39–40.
268.
Scartezzini Guimarães (2010), p. 231.
269.
Idem, p. 324.
270.
The so-called in Brazilian Portuguese: ‘Contratos atípicos’ (CC Art 425).
271.
Act 11.771, 2008, Art 28.
272.
TJSP Ap.9055447-05.2009.8.26.0000/SP, j.2012.
273.
Decree 7.381, 2010, Art 33: The services of ‘tourist package’ offered by tourism agencies shall include the name, address and tax number of the suppliers. Sole paragraph: the tourism agency shall provide sufficient data to identify and find the tourist services providers located in foreign countries.
274.
Decree 7.962, 2013, Art 2, I, II, III, IV, V, VI.
275.
Decree 7.381, 2010, Art 33.
276.
Act 10.406, 2002, Art 427 to 435.
277.
Act 8.078, 1990, Art 20, 30 to 35.
278.
Rocha (2010), p. 83.
279.
Idem, p. 63.
280.
Act 8.078, 1990, Art 31. Note: requires precise and comprehensive data on products and services’ characteristics such as: quality, quantity, composition, price, warranty, period of validity and place of origin, amongst other data, as well as the risks of failure to which the consumer’s health and safety are exposed to.
281.
TJSP Ap.1268802-0/1/SP, j.2009.
282.
Act 8.078, 1990, Art 30.
283.
Rocha (2010), p. 83. According to the doctrine in credit agreements (such as loans) the economic capacity of the consumer and his moral standards are essential elements to conclude the contract. In fact, the conclusion of the contract does not depend exclusively of the supplier’s agreement, but also on a number of factors.
284.
Act 8.078, 1990, Art 39 IX. Note: in contracts of carriage the Civil Code, Art 739 states that the carrier cannot refuse a passenger except in case required by law, or if the hygiene and health of the person justify it.
285.
Act 8.137, 1990, Art 7: It is crime against consumer relationships; I- to favor or prefer, without reasonable reason a consumer or purchaser, except to the extent of the delivering systems to consumption by distributors or retailers. (..) Sanction applied is: two to five years of imprisonment, or payment of a fine.
286.
TJSP Ap.0026318-74.2011.8.26.0506/SP, j.2014.
287.
Act 10.406, 2002, Art 423.
288.
Act 8.078, 1990, Art 47.
289.
Marques (2011), pp. 40, 41, 77.
290.
TJSP Ap.01900000-41.2006.8.26.0100/SP, j.2011.
291.
A defect in the good or service may cause an accident named ‘Accident of Consumption’.
292.
Marques (2011), p. 1246.
293.
TJSP Ap.0162599-96.2008.8.26.0100/SP, j.2013: ‘It is avoidable the deadline setting forth by Art 26 (I) of the CDC, applying to the case the deadline of Art 27 of the same code.’
294.
TJSP Ap.0040849-94.2006.8.26.0554/SP, j.2013.
295.
STJ REsp 435.830/RJ, j.2003.
296.
Scartezzini Guimarães (2010), p. 326.
297.
Scartezzini Guimarães (2004), p. 404.
298.
Note: Special Jurisdiction is divided into; (1) Labour Courts, (2) Electoral Courts (3) Federal Military Criminal Courts.
299.
Note: Common Jurisdiction is divided into: (1) State Courts and (2) Federal Courts. Whilst the Federal Courts are divided into ‘ordinary’ or ‘specialized’ claims the State Courts deal with claims that are not included in the Federal Courts’ jurisdiction, which basically are divided to be assessed by Criminal and Civil Courts.
300.
STJ RO 2008/0003366-4/SP, j.2008, ‘The international competence (jurisdiction) of the Brazilian authority is not limited to the analysis of Arts 88 and 89 of CPC, which contains a non-exhaustive list.’
301.
Act 10.259, 2001, Small claim courts statute applicable to federal courts.
302.
Act 9.099, 1995, Small claim courts statute applicable to state courts.
303.
Act 9.099, 1995, Art 3: ‘The jurisdiction of small claim courts is applicable for conciliation and trial of civil suits of reduced complexity as it follows: I - in cases which value does not exceed forty times the minimum wage.’
304.
Acre (AC), Alagoas (AL), Amapá (AP), Amazonas (AM), Bahia (BA), Ceará (CE), Distrito Federal (DF), Espírito Santo (ES), Goiás (GO), Maranhão (MA), Mato Grosso (MT), Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Minas Gerais (MG), Pará (PA), Paraíba (PB), Paraná (PR), Pernambuco (PE), Piauí (PI), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Rondônia (RO), Roraima (RR), Santa Catarina (SC), São Paulo (SP), Sergipe (SE), Tocantins (TO).
305.
Act 8.078, 1990, Art 93 (II).
306.
Note: particular matters are also included in the jurisdiction of federal courts like: crimes committed on board of cruises and aircrafts, crimes committed abroad, and Indians’ rights.
307.
Federal Constitution, 1988. Federal Courts, Art 109, State Courts, Art 125.
308.
Benjamin et al. (2010), p. 60.
309.
TJSP Ag. 7.109.165-1/Santos, j.2007.
310.
Act 5.869, 1973, Art 94. The territorial jurisdiction.
311.
STJ CC 128.079/MT, j.2013, TJSP Ag. 7.109.165-1/Santos, j.2007.
312.
The regular contract of a consumer relationship shall contain the following elements: (1) the supplier, (2) the consumer, (3) the location of the parties, and (4) the product or service provided to the consumer.
313.
Lima (2006), pp. 84 and 85.
314.
CF, 1988, Art 105 (I) (i).
315.
Conselho Nacional de Justiça—CNJ (National Judiciary Council).
316.
The service was set up by ‘Provimento 11’ that it is a joint regulation from the National Judiciary Council—CNJ and the Department of Internal Affairs of the National Judiciary known in Portuguese as Corregedoria Nacional de Justiça.
317.
Act 9.099, 1995, Art 9.
318.
Provimento 11, of National Judiciary Council—CNJ (Conselho Nacional de Justiça), Art 3.
319.
Act 9.099, 1995, Art 3: The jurisdiction of the Small Claim Court is applicable for conciliation and trial of civil suits of reduced complexity as it follows: I—in cases which value does not exceed forty times the minimum wage.
320.
The minimum wage in Brazil is fixed in Federal level and State level. Thus, only as reference, according to Act 12.255/10, Act 12.282/11 and Decree 8.166/2013 the amount established in 2015 at Federal level is R$788,00. The forty minimum wages mean R$31.520,00 that is around €9,270.58 euros in April 2015.
321.
Idem, Art 9.
322.
Idem, Art 41.

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Maria Goretti Sanches Lima

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Sanches Lima, M.G. (2018). Brazil Consumer and Tourism Laws. In: Traveller Vulnerability in the Context of Travel and Tourism Contracts. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98376-9_2

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