Abstract
In this chapter, we will discuss three trendlines which echo and expand upon the studies presented in this volume. The first theme of “state and power” is grounded in the Weberian philosophy of the state as the legitimate monopoly of the means of violence and the corollaries of outsourcing this function. It examines the modern state and the new civil-military relations that emerged with the wide use of PMSCs. The second theme, “military sociology”, focuses on the implications of the introduction of PMSCs into this military setting. It draws from scholarship on the military as an organization and as a profession, underscoring the effect of privatization on the military and the people who do the work. The third theme, “privatization and inequality”, corresponds with neoliberal approaches that focus on power relations within the exchange of goods and services. We conclude with a call to use the tools of sociological analysis to help understand the real costs and implications of privatized security.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Works Cited
Abrahamsen, Rita, and Anna Leander, eds. 2015. Routledge Handbook of Private Security Studies. Abingdon: Routledge.
Berndtsson, J. 2012. Security Professionals for Hire: Exploring the Many Faces of Private Security Expertise. Millennium-Journal of International Studies 40 (2): 303–320.
Bongiovi, Joseph R. 2016. Public-Private Global Security Assemblages. In In Surveilling and Securing the Olympics: From Tokyo 1964 to London 2012 and Beyond, ed. Vida Bajc. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Chisholm, Amanda. 2014a. Marketing the Gurkha Security Package: Colonial Histories and Neoliberal Economies of Private Security. Security Dialogue 45 (4): 349–372.
———. 2014b. The Silenced and Indispensible: Gurkhas in Private Military Security Companies. International Feminist Journal of Politics 16 (1): 26–47.
Chisholm, A. 2015. From Warriors of Empire to Martial Contractors: Reimagining Gurkhas in Private Security. In Gender and Private Security in Global Politics, ed. M. Eichler, 95–113. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Christensen, M.M. 2016. The Underbelly of Global Security: Sierra Leonean ex-militias in Iraq. African Affairs 115 (458): 23–43.
Crosbie, Thomas, and Meredith Kleykamp. 2017. Fault Lines of the American Military Profession. Armed Forces & Society 13: 169–187.
Dunigan, Molly, Carrie M. Farmer, Rachel M. Burns, Alison Hawks, and Claude Messan Setodji. 2013. Out of the Shadows: The Health and Well-being of Private Contractors Working in Conflict Environments. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation.
Eichler, Maya. 2015. Gender and Private Security in Global Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fahn, Matthias, and Tahmina Hadjer. 2015. Optimal Contracting with Private Military and Security Companies. European Journal of Political Economy 37: 220–240.
Feinstein, Anthony, and Maggie Botes. 2009. The Psychological Health of Contractors Working in War Zones. Journal of Traumatic Stress 22 (2): 102–105.
Gebel, Michael, and Anna Baranowska-Rataj. 2012. New Inequalities through Privatization and Marketization? An Analysis of Labour Market Entry of Higher Education Graduates in Poland and Ukraine. European Sociological Review 28 (6): 729–741.
Godfrey, Richard, Jo Brewis, Jo Grady, and Chris Grocott. 2014. The Private Military Industry and Neoliberal Imperialism: Mapping the Terrain. Organization 21 (1): 106–125.
Grant, Monica J. 2017. De Facto Privatization and Inequalities in Educational Opportunity in the Transition to Secondary School in Rural Malawi. Social Forces 96 (1): 65–90.
Halpin, Allison Ann. 2011. US Government Outsourcing, the Private Military Industry, and Operation Iraqi Freedom: A Case Study in Conflict Contracting. Doctoral dissertation, Global and International Studies, Center for Rights, University of Kansas, pp. 1–124.
Higate, Paul. 2011. Cat-Food and Clients: Gendering the Politics of Protection in the Private Militarized Security Company. In Handbook on Gender and War, ed. Sharoni Simona, Welland Julia, Steiner Linda, and Pedersen Jennifer. Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
———. 2012. ‘Cowboys and Professionals’: The Politics of Identity Work in the Private and Military Security Company. Millennium-Journal of International Studies 40 (2): 321–341.
Huntington, Samuel P. 1957. The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Janowitz, Morris. 1960. The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait. Glencoe: Free Press.
Joachim, J., and A. Schneiker. 2012. Of ‘True Professionals’ and ‘Ethical Hero Warriors’: A Gender-Discourse Analysis of Private Military and Security Companies. Security Dialogue 43 (6): 495–512.
Kanemasu, Y., and G. Molnar. 2017. Private Military and Security Labour Migration: The Case of Fiji. International Migration 55 (4): 154–170.
Kelty, Ryan, and Alex Bierman. 2013. Ambivalence on the Front Lines Perceptions of Contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan. Armed Forces & Society 39 (1): 5–27.
Leander, Anna. 2004. Eroding State Authority? Private Military Companies and the Legitimate Use of Force. Rome: Rubbettino.
———. 2006. Eroding State Authority? Private Military Companies and the Legitimate Use of Force. Rome: Centro Militare di Studi Strategici.
———. 2010. The Paradoxical Impunity of Private Military Companies: Authority and the Limits to Legal Accountability. Security Dialogue 41 (5): 467–490.
McCoy, Katherine E. 2010. Beyond Civil—Military Relations: Reflections on Civilian Control of a Private, Multinational Workforce. Armed Forces & Society 36 (4): 671–694.
———. 2012. Organizational Frames for Professional Claims: Private Military Corporations and the Rise of the Military Paraprofessional. Social Problems 59 (3): 322–340.
Pattison, James. 2012. The Legitimacy of the Military, Private Military and Security Companies, and Just War Theory. European Journal of Political Theory 11 (2): 131–154.
Petersohn, Ulrich. 2013. Effectiveness of Contracted Coalitions: Private Security Contractors of Iraq. Armed Forces & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X12459712.
Schulz, Sabrina, and Christina Yeung. 2008. Private Military and Security Companies and Gender. Geneva: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces.
Singer, Peter Warren. 2011. Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry. Cornell: Cornell University Press.
Swed, O., and J.S. Butler. 2015. Military Capital in the Israeli Hi-tech Industry. Armed Forces & Society 41 (1): 123–141.
Swed, Ori, and Thomas Crosbie. 2017. Private Security and Military Contractors: A Troubling Oversight. Sociology Compass. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12512.
Taussig-Rubbo, Mateo. 2009. Outsourcing Sacrifice: The Labor of Private Military Contractors. Yale Journal of Law & Humanities 21 (1): 103–166.
Thomson, Janice E. 1996. Mercenaries, Pirates, and Sovereigns: State-building and Extraterritorial Violence in Early Modern Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Tilly, Charles. 1990. Coercion, Capital and European States, AD 990–1990. Cambridge: Basil Blackwell.
Tkach, Benjamin. 2015. Private Military and Security Companies, Contract Structure, Market Competition, and Violence in Iraq. Conflict Management and Peace Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/0738894217702516.
Weber, Max. 1968. Politics as a Vocation. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.
Weber, Ruby. 2017. Protection and Pragmatism: An Exploration of the Mentalities of Workers in the Private Security Industry. In Public Law, University of Cape Town.
Wilson, George, and Vincent J. Roscigno. 2016. Public Sector Reform and Racial Occupational Mobility. Work and Occupations 43 (3): 259–293.
Wilson, George, Vincent J. Roscigno, and Matt Huffman. 2015. Racial Income Inequality and Public Sector Privatization. Social Problems 62 (2): 163–185.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Swed, O., Crosbie, T. (2019). Trendlines: Privatization and the Future of War and Security. In: Swed, O., Crosbie, T. (eds) The Sociology of Privatized Security. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98222-9_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98222-9_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-98221-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-98222-9
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)