Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Nanoscience for Sustainable Agriculture pp 355–372Cite as

Nanocellulose from Agro-Residues and Forest Biomass for Pulp and Paper Product

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Nanocellulose, a nanoform of cellulosic material, is a newer material showing interesting properties and has potential for diversified applications. Nanocellulose, having any one of the dimensions in the size range between 1 and 100 nm, is extracted from cellulosic biomass derived from plants, animals, or microbial origin. Cotton and other natural lignocellulosic fibers, agro-residues, forest biomass, and bacterial cellulose are important raw materials to produce nanocellulose. In the top-down approach of synthesis, the macroscale cellulosic particles are converted into nanocellulose by mechanical, chemical, or biological ways or their combinations. The extracted nanocellulose can be spherical or whisker-shaped nanocellulose (NCC) and nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC); but many other nomenclatures are also being used like cellulose nanofibres (CNF), nanocellulosic fibers (NCF), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and microfibrillated cellulose (MFC). Nanocellulose exhibits very large surface area to volume ratio, high level of crystallinity, liquid crystalline behavior, thixotropic behavior, and enhanced mechanical properties. Major areas of applications include furnish and coating additive in paper, filler in packaging and composites, non-calorific additives in food materials, thickening agents in paints and adhesives and as fillers and carriers in pharma products. Other areas of applications could be reached after surface chemical modification of nanocellulose. Pulp and paper industries are the first one where the nanocellulose is being used commercially for improving the strength, printability, and barrier properties of paper. Nanocellulose also helps to reduce the weight of the paper without compromising its strength and other quality parameters. This chapter covers the various aspects of nanocellulose production, characterization, and application in pulp and paper product.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Benini KCCdC, Voorwald HJC, Cioffi MOH, Rezende MC, Arantes V (2018) Preparation of nanocellulose from Imperata brasiliensis grass using Taguchi method. Carbohydr Polym 192:337–346

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bharimalla AK, Deshmukh SP, Patil PG, Vigneshwaran N (2015) Energy efficient manufacturing of nanocellulose by chemo- and bio-mechanical processes: a review. World J Nano Sci Eng 5:204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bharimalla AK, Patil PG, Deshmukh SP, Vigneshwaran N (2017) Energy efficient production of nano-fibrillated cellulose (NFC) from Cotton linters by tri-disc refining and its characterization. Cell Chem Technol 51:395–401

    Google Scholar 

  • Boufi S, Chaker A (2016) Easy production of cellulose nanofibrils from corn stalk by a conventional high speed blender. Ind Crops Prod 93:39–47

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Camargo L, Pereira S, Correa A, Farinas C, Marconcini J, Mattoso L (2016) Feasibility of manufacturing cellulose nanocrystals from the solid residues of second-generation ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse. BioEnergy Res 9:894–906

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen XQ, Pang GX, Shen WH, Tong X, Jia MY (2019) Preparation and characterization of the ribbon-like cellulose nanocrystals by the cellulase enzymolysis of cotton pulp fibers. Carbohydr Polym 207:713–719

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng L, Zhang D, Gu Z, Li Z, Hong Y, Li C (2018) Preparation of acetylated nanofibrillated cellulose from corn stalk microcrystalline cellulose and its reinforcing effect on starch films. Int J Biol Macromol 111:959–966

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chindawong C, Johannsmann D (2014) An anisotropic ink based on crystalline nanocellulose: potential applications in security printing. J Appl Polym Sci 131:41063

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coelho CCS et al (2018) Cellulose nanocrystals from grape pomace: production, properties and cytotoxicity assessment. Carbohydr Polym 192:327–336

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dimic-Misic K, Gane PAC, Paltakari J (2013) Micro- and nanofibrillated cellulose as a rheology modifier additive in CMC-containing pigment-coating formulations. Ind Eng Chem Res 52:16066–16083

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edward JT (1970) Molecular volumes and the Stokes–Einstein equation. J Chem Educ 47:261

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • García A, Gandini A, Labidi J, Belgacem N, Bras J (2016) Industrial and crop wastes: a new source for nanocellulose biorefinery. Ind Crops Prod 93:26–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giese M, Khan MK, Hamad WY, MacLachlan MJ (2013) Imprinting of photonic patterns with thermosetting amino-formaldehyde-cellulose composites. ACS Macro Lett 2:818–821

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • González I, Boufi S, Pèlach MA, Alcalà M, Vilaseca F, Mutjé P (2012) Nanofibrillated cellulose as paper additive in eucalyptus pulps. BioResources 7(4):5167–5180

    Google Scholar 

  • Hemmati F, Jafari SM, Kashaninejad M, Motlagh MB (2018) Synthesis and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals derived from walnut shell agricultural residues. Int J Biol Macromol 120:1216–1224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu L et al (2013) Transparent and conductive paper from nanocellulose fibers. Energy Environ Sci 6:513–518

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang F, Hsieh Y-L (2015) Cellulose nanocrystal isolation from tomato peels and assembled nanofibers. Carbohydr Polym 122:60–68

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kajanto I, Kosonen M (2012) The potential use of micro- and nanofibrillated cellulose as a reinforcing element in paper. J Sci Technol For Prod Process 2:42–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalita E, Nath BK, Agan F, More V, Deb P (2015) Isolation and characterization of crystalline, autofluorescent, cellulose nanocrystals from saw dust wastes. Ind Crops Prod 65:550–555

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kyle S et al (2018) Characterization of pulp derived nanocellulose hydrogels using AVAP® technology. Carbohydr Polym 198:270–280

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee HV, Hamid SBA, Zain SK (2014) Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to nanocellulose: structure and chemical process. Sci World J 2014:20

    Google Scholar 

  • Li J et al (2012) Homogeneous isolation of nanocellulose from sugarcane bagasse by high pressure homogenization. Carbohydr Polym 90:1609–1613

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu K, Chen L, Huang L, Ni Y, Sun B (2015) Enhancing antibacterium and strength of cellulosic paper by coating triclosan-loaded nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC). Carbohydr Polym 117:996–1001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu C et al (2017) Properties of nanocelluloses and their application as rheology modifier in paper coating. Ind Eng Chem Res 56:8264–8273

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mashkour M, Afra E, Resalati H, Mashkour M (2015) Moderate surface acetylation of nanofibrillated cellulose for the improvement of paper strength and barrier properties. RSC Adv 5:60179–60187

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monshi A, Foroughi MR, Monshi MR (2012) Modified Scherrer equation to estimate more accurately nano-crystallite size using XRD. World J Nano Sci Eng 2:154–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morais JPS, de Freitas Rosa M, Nascimento LD, do Nascimento DM, Cassales AR (2013) Extraction and characterization of nanocellulose structures from raw cotton linter. Carbohydr Polym 91:229–235

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nypelö T, Amer H, Konnerth J, Potthast A, Rosenau T (2018) Self-standing nanocellulose Janus-Type films with aldehyde and carboxyl functionalities. Biomacromol 19:973–979

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oh SY, Yoo DI, Shin Y, Seo G (2005) FTIR analysis of cellulose treated with sodium hydroxide and carbon dioxide. Carbohydr Res 340:417–428

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira FBd, Bras J, Pimenta MTB, Curvelo AAdS, Belgacem MN (2016) Production of cellulose nanocrystals from sugarcane bagasse fibers and pith. Ind Crops Prod 93:48–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osong SH, Norgren S, Engstrand P (2014) Paper strength improvement by inclusion of nano-ligno-cellulose to chemi-thermomechanical pulp. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 29:309–316

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oun AA, Rhim J-W (2016) Characterization of nanocelluloses isolated from Ushar (Calotropis procera) seed fiber: effect of isolation method. Mater Lett 168:146–150

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peresin MS et al (2017) Understanding the mechanisms of oxygen diffusion through surface functionalized nanocellulose films. Carbohydr Polym 174:309–317

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phanthong P, Reubroycharoen P, Hao X, Xu G, Abudula A, Guan G (2018) Nanocellulose: extraction and application. Carbon Resources Convers 1:32–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rambabu N, Panthapulakkal S, Sain M, Dalai A (2016) Production of nanocellulose fibers from pinecone biomass: evaluation and optimization of chemical and mechanical treatment conditions on mechanical properties of nanocellulose films. Ind Crops Prod 83:746–754

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rastogi V, Samyn P (2015) Bio-based coatings for paper applications. Coatings 5:887

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Satyamurthy P, Vigneshwaran N (2013) A novel process for synthesis of spherical nanocellulose by controlled hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose using anaerobic microbial consortium. Enzyme Microb Technol 52:20–25

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shamskar KR, Heidari H, Rashidi A (2016) Preparation and evaluation of nanocrystalline cellulose aerogels from raw cotton and cotton stalk. Ind Crops Prod 93:203–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sirviö JA, Kolehmainen A, Visanko M, Liimatainen H, Niinimäki J, Hormi OEO (2014) Strong, self-standing oxygen barrier films from nanocelluloses modified with regioselective oxidative treatments. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:14384–14390

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soni B, Mahmoud B (2015) Chemical isolation and characterization of different cellulose nanofibers from cotton stalks. Carbohydr Polym 134:581–589

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun B, Hou Q, Liu Z, Ni Y (2015) Sodium periodate oxidation of cellulose nanocrystal and its application as a paper wet strength additive. Cellulose 22:1135–1146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thambiraj S, Shankaran DR (2017) Preparation and physicochemical characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from industrial waste cotton. Appl Surf Sci 412:405–416

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vallejos ME, Felissia FE, Area MC, Ehman NV, Tarrés Q, Mutjé P (2016) Nanofibrillated cellulose (CNF) from eucalyptus sawdust as a dry strength agent of unrefined eucalyptus handsheets. Carbohydr Polym 139:99–105

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vigneshwaran N, Satyamurthy P (2016) Nanocellulose production using cellulose degrading fungi. In Advances and Applications Through Fungal Nanobiotechnology (pp. 321–331). Springer, Cham

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Vigneshwaran N, Satyamurthy P, Jain P (2015) Biological synthesis of nanocrystalline cellulose by controlled hydrolysis of cotton fibers and linters. In: Handbook of polymer nanocomposites. Processing, performance and application. Springer, pp 27–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Wan H, Li X, Zhang L, Li X, Liu P, Jiang Z, Yu Z-Z (2018) Rapidly responsive and flexible chiral nematic cellulose nanocrystal composites as multifunctional rewritable photonic papers with eco-friendly inks. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10:5918–5925

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Wei X, Li J, Wang F, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Kong L (2017) Homogeneous isolation of nanocellulose from eucalyptus pulp by high pressure homogenization. Ind Crops Prod 104:237–241

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wulandari W, Rochliadi A, Arcana I (2016) Nanocellulose prepared by acid hydrolysis of isolated cellulose from sugarcane bagasse. In: IOP conference series: materials science and engineering. IOP Publishing, p 012045

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou L, He H, Jiang C, Ma L, Yu P (2017) Cellulose nanocrystals from cotton stalk for reinforcement of poly (vinyl alcohol) composites. Drug Deliv 10:11

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India

    N. Vigneshwaran, A. K. Bharimalla, A. Arputharaj & P. G. Patil

Authors
  1. N. Vigneshwaran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. K. Bharimalla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. A. Arputharaj
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. P. G. Patil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to N. Vigneshwaran .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Noida (UP), Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ramesh Namdeo Pudake

  2. Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Nidhi Chauhan

  3. Raja Ramanna Fellow, Government of India, ICAR-National Research Center on Plant, Pusa, New Delhi, India

    Chittaranjan Kole

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Vigneshwaran, N., Bharimalla, A.K., Arputharaj, A., Patil, P.G. (2019). Nanocellulose from Agro-Residues and Forest Biomass for Pulp and Paper Product. In: Pudake, R., Chauhan, N., Kole, C. (eds) Nanoscience for Sustainable Agriculture. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97852-9_16

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation