Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Growth Hormone Disorders and Abnormal Stature in Kidney Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Endocrine Disorders in Kidney Disease

  • 755 Accesses

Abstract

Growth retardation is the most visible of all the comorbidities associated with the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children. In addition to the cosmetic impact, poor growth has been associated with an impaired health-related quality of life and increased rates of morbidity and mortality. Factors which contribute to the development of this complication include inadequate nutrition, abnormal bone metabolism, salt depletion, cause and severity of the primary renal disorder, metabolic acidosis, delayed puberty, and abnormalities of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor I (GH/IGF-I) axis. Evaluation for and treatment of the modifiable risk factors are mandatory to enhance height velocity. Attention to nutritional deficiencies is most important during infancy and often requires enteral tube support to achieve nutritional targets. The use of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) has proven to be safe and efficacious in the setting of CKD-related growth hormone resistance, with the best results experienced by those receiving pre-end-stage renal disease (ESRD) therapy, in contrast to the dialysis and transplant populations. Despite the efficacy of rhGH, its underutilization is prevalent and obstacles to its use must be overcome if the growth of the CKD population is to be optimized.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Al-Uzri A, Matheson M, Gipson DS, Mendley SR, Hooper SR, Yadin O, et al. The impact of short stature on health-related quality of life in children with chronic kidney disease. J Pediatr. 2013;163(3):736–41.e1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Rodig NM, McDermott KC, Schneider MF, Hotchkiss HM, Yadin O, Seikaly MG, et al. Growth in children with chronic kidney disease: a report from the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children Study. Pediatr Nephrol. 2014;29(10):1987–95.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Salevic P, Radovic P, Milic N, Bogdanovic R, Paripovic D, Paripovic A, et al. Growth in children with chronic kidney disease: 13 years follow up study. J Nephrol. 2014;27(5):537–44.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Seikaly MG, Ho PL, Emmett L, Fine RN, Tejani A. Chronic renal insufficiency in children: the 2001 Annual Report of the NAPRTCS. Pediatr Nephrol. 2003;18(8):796–804.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Seikaly MG, Salhab N, Gipson D, Yiu V, Stablein D. Stature in children with chronic kidney disease: analysis of NAPRTCS database. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006;21(6):793–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Rees L. Growth hormone therapy in children with CKD after more than two decades of practice. Pediatr Nephrol. 2016;31(9):1421–35.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Mehls O, Fine RN. Growth hormone treatment after renal transplantation: a promising but underused chance to improve growth. Pediatr Nephrol. 2013;28(1):1–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Seikaly MG, Salhab N, Warady BA, Stablein D. Use of rhGH in children with chronic kidney disease: lessons from NAPRTCS. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007;22(8):1195–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Furth SL, Hwang W, Yang C, Neu AM, Fivush BA, Powe NR. Growth failure, risk of hospitalization and death for children with end-stage renal disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2002;17(6):450–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Furth SL, Stablein D, Fine RN, Powe NR, Fivush BA. Adverse clinical outcomes associated with short stature at dialysis initiation: a report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study. Pediatrics. 2002;109(5):909–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Furth SLAD, Hwang W, Neu AM, Powe NR, FIvush PA. Does poor growth predict morbidity and mortality in children with chronic renal failure and on dialysis? Semin Nephrol. 2001;21:463–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Wong CS, Gipson DS, Gillen DL, Emerson S, Koepsell T, Sherrard DJ, et al. Anthropometric measures and risk of death in children with end-stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;36(4):811–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Gerson AC, Wentz A, Abraham AG, Mendley SR, Hooper SR, Butler RW, et al. Health-related quality of life of children with mild to moderate chronic kidney disease. Pediatrics. 2010;125(2):e349–57.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Mahan JD, Warady BA, Consensus C. Assessment and treatment of short stature in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease: a consensus statement. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006;21(7):917–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Betts PR, Magrath G. Growth pattern and dietary intake of children with chronic renal insufficiency. Br Med J. 1974;2(5912):189–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Simmons JM, Wilson CJ, Potter DE, Holliday MA. Relation of calorie deficiency to growth failure in children on hemodialysis and the growth response to calorie supplementation. N Engl J Med. 1971;285(12):653–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Norman LJ, Coleman JE, Macdonald IA, Tomsett AM, Watson AR. Nutrition and growth in relation to severity of renal disease in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2000;15(3–4):259–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kuizon BD, Salusky IB. Growth retardation in children with chronic renal failure. J Bone Miner Res. 1999;14(10):1680–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. KDOQI Work Group. KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Nutrition in Children with CKD: 2008 update. Executive summary. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53(3 Suppl 2):S11–104.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Ledermann SE, Shaw V, Trompeter RS. Long-term enteral nutrition in infants and young children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol. 1999;13:870–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kari JA, Gonzalez C, Ledermann SE, Shaw V, Rees L. Outcome and growth in infants with severe chronic renal failure. Kidney Int. 2000;57:1681–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Arnold WC, Danford D, Holliday MA, Arnold WC. Effects of caloric supplementation on growth in children with uremia. Kidney Int. 1983;24(2):205–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Kuizon BD, Nelson PA, Salusky IB. Tube feeding in children with end-stage renal disease. Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1997;23(3–6):306–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Uauy RD, Hogg RJ, Brewer ED, Reisch JS, Cunningham C, Holliday MA. Dietary protein and growth in infants with chronic renal insufficiency: a report from the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group and the University of California, San Francisco. Pediatr Nephrol. 1994;8(1):45–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Greenbaum LA, Munoz A, Schneider MF, Kaskel FJ, Askenazi DJ, Jenkins R, et al. The association between abnormal birth history and growth in children with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6(1):14–21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Franke D, Volker S, Haase S, Pavicic L, Querfeld U, Ehrich JH, et al. Prematurity, small for gestational age and perinatal parameters in children with congenital, hereditary and acquired chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25(12):3918–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Franke D, Alakan H, Pavicic L, Gellermann J, Muller D, Querfeld U, et al. Birth parameters and parental height predict growth outcome in children with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2013;28(12):2335–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Harambat J, Bonthuis M, van Stralen KJ, Ariceta G, Battelino N, Bjerre A, et al. Adult height in patients with advanced CKD requiring renal replacement therapy during childhood. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9(1):92–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Parekh RS, Flynn JT, Smoyer WE, Milne JL, Kershaw DB, Bunchman TE, et al. Improved growth in young children with severe chronic renal insufficiency who use specified nutritional therapy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001;12(11):2418–26.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Caldas A, Broyer M, Dechaux M, Kleinknecht C. Primary distal tubular acidosis in childhood: clinical study and long-term follow-up of 28 patients. J Pediatr. 1992;121(2):233–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Maniar S, Kleinknecht C, Zhou X, Motel V, Yvert JP, Dechaux M. Growth hormone action is blunted by acidosis in experimental uremia or acid load. Clin Nephrol. 1996;46(1):72–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Salusky IB, Goodman WG. Growth hormone and calcitriol as modifiers of bone formation in renal osteodystrophy. Kidney Int. 1995;48(3):657–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kuizon BD, Goodman WG, Juppner H, Boechat I, Nelson P, Gales B, et al. Diminished linear growth during intermittent calcitriol therapy in children undergoing CCPD. Kidney Int. 1998;53(1):205–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Rabkin R, Sun DF, Chen Y, Tan J, Schaefer F. Growth hormone resistance in uremia, a role for impaired JAK/STAT signaling. Pediatr Nephrol. 2005;20(3):313–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Tonshoff B, Cronin MJ, Reichert M, Haffner D, Wingen AM, Blum WF, et al. Reduced concentration of serum growth hormone (GH)-binding protein in children with chronic renal failure: correlation with GH insensitivity. The European Study Group for Nutritional Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure in Childhood. The German Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment in Chronic Renal Failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82(4):1007–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Schaefer F, Chen Y, Tsao T, Nouri P, Rabkin R. Impaired JAK-STAT signal transduction contributes to growth hormone resistance in chronic uremia. J Clin Invest. 2001;108(3):467–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Powell DR, Liu F, Baker BK, Hinzt RL, Kale A, Suwanichkul A, et al. Effect of chronic renal failure and growth hormone therapy on the insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins. Pediatr Nephrol. 2000;14(7):579–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Tonshoff B, Powell DR, Zhao D, Durham SK, Coleman ME, Domene HM, et al. Decreased hepatic insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and increased IGF binding protein-1 and -2 gene expression in experimental uremia. Endocrinology. 1997;138(3):938–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Styne DM. The regulation of pubertal growth. Horm Res. 2003;60(Suppl 1):22–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Lane PH. Puberty and chronic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2005;12(4):372–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hokken-Koelega AC, Saenger P, Cappa M, Greggio N. Unresolved problems concerning optimal therapy of puberty in children with chronic renal diseases. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2001;14(Suppl 2):945–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Schaefer F, Seidel C, Binding A, Gasser T, Largo RH, Prader A, et al. Pubertal growth in chronic renal failure. Pediatr Res. 1990;28(1):5–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Holley JL. The hypothalamic-pituitary axis in men and women with chronic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2004;11(4):337–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Schaefer F, Veldhuis JD, Robertson WR, Dunger D, Scharer K. Immunoreactive and bioactive luteinizing hormone in pubertal patients with chronic renal failure. Cooperative Study Group on Pubertal Development in Chronic Renal Failure. Kidney Int. 1994;45(5):1465–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Belgorosky A, Ferraris JR, Ramirez JA, Jasper H, Rivarola MA. Serum sex hormone-binding globulin and serum nonsex hormone-binding globulin-bound testosterone fractions in prepubertal boys with chronic renal failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;73(1):107–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Mitchell R, Schaefer F, Morris ID, Scharer K, Sun JG, Robertson WR. Elevated serum immunoreactive inhibin levels in peripubertal boys with chronic renal failure. Cooperative Study Group on Pubertal Development in Chronic Renal Failure (CSPCRF). Clin Endocrinol. 1993;39(1):27–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Schaefer F, Hamill G, Stanhope R, Preece MA, Scharer K. Pulsatile growth hormone secretion in peripubertal patients with chronic renal failure. Cooperative Study Group on Pubertal Development in Chronic Renal Failure. J Pediatr. 1991;119(4):568–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Rees L, Greene SA, Adlard P, Jones J, Haycock GB, Rigden SP, et al. Growth and endocrine function after renal transplantation. Arch Dis Child. 1988;63(11):1326–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Rees L. Management of the infant with end-stage renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17(9):1564–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Abitbol CL, Zilleruelo G, Montane B, Strauss J. Growth of uremic infants on forced feeding regimens. Pediatr Nephrol. 1993;7(2):173–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Karlberg J, Schaefer F, Hennicke M, Wingen AM, Rigden S, Mehls O. Early age-dependent growth impairment in chronic renal failure. European Study Group for Nutritional Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure in Childhood. Pediatr Nephrol. 1996;10(3):283–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Rees L, Azocar M, Borzych D, Watson AR, Buscher A, Edefonti A, et al. Growth in very young children undergoing chronic peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22(12):2303–12.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Rees L, Brandt ML. Tube feeding in children with chronic kidney disease: technical and practical issues. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010;25(4):699–704.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Fine RN, Attie KM, Kuntze J, Brown DF, Kohaut EC. Recombinant human growth hormone in infants and young children with chronic renal insufficiency. Genentech Collaborative Study Group. Pediatr Nephrol. 1995;9(4):451–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. van Stralen KJ, Borzych-Duzalka D, Hataya H, Kennedy SE, Jager KJ, Verrina E, et al. Survival and clinical outcomes of children starting renal replacement therapy in the neonatal period. Kidney Int. 2014;86(1):168–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Schaefer F, Klaus G, Mehls O. Peritoneal transport properties and dialysis dose affect growth and nutritional status in children on chronic peritoneal dialysis. Mid-European Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis Study Group. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10(8):1786–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Rees L, Shaw V. Nutrition in children with CRF and on dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007;22(10):1689–702.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Bacchetta J, Harambat J, Cochat P, Salusky IB, Wesseling-Perry K. The consequences of chronic kidney disease on bone metabolism and growth in children. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(8):3063–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Haffner D, Schaefer F, Nissel R, Wuhl E, Tonshoff B, Mehls O. Effect of growth hormone treatment on the adult height of children with chronic renal failure. German Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment in Chronic Renal Failure. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(13):923–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Fischbach M, Terzic J, Menouer S, Dheu C, Seuge L, Zalosczic A. Daily on line haemodiafiltration promotes catch-up growth in children on chronic dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010;25(3):867–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Fischbach M, Warady BA. Peritoneal dialysis prescription in children: bedside principles for optimal practice. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009;24(9):1633–42. quiz 40, 42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Nissel R, Lindberg A, Mehls O, Haffner D. Factors predicting the near-final height in growth hormone-treated children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(4):1359–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Ulinski T, Cochat P. Longitudinal growth in children following kidney transplantation: from conservative to pharmacological strategies. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006;21(7):903–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Harambat J, Cochat P. Growth after renal transplantation. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009;24:1297.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Jux C, Leiber K, Hugel U, Blum W, Ohlsson C, Klaus G, et al. Dexamethasone impairs growth hormone (GH)-stimulated growth by suppression of local insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I production and expression of GH- and IGF-I-receptor in cultured rat chondrocytes. Endocrinology. 1998;139(7):3296–305.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Koedam JA, Hoogerbrugge CM, Van Buul-Offers SC. Differential regulation of IGF-binding proteins in rabbit costal chondrocytes by IGF-I and dexamethasone. J Endocrinol. 2000;165(3):557–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Smink JJ, Buchholz IM, Hamers N, van Tilburg CM, Christis C, Sakkers RJ, et al. Short-term glucocorticoid treatment of piglets causes changes in growth plate morphology and angiogenesis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2003;11(12):864–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Chrysis D, Ritzen EM, Savendahl L. Growth retardation induced by dexamethasone is associated with increased apoptosis of the growth plate chondrocytes. J Endocrinol. 2003;176(3):331–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Broyer M, Guest G, Gagnadoux MF. Growth rate in children receiving alternate-day corticosteroid treatment after kidney transplantation. J Pediatr. 1992;120(5):721–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Shapiro R, Scantlebury VP, Jordan ML, Vivas C, Ellis D, Lombardozzi-Lane S, et al. Pediatric renal transplantation under tacrolimus-based immunosuppression. Transplantation. 1999;67(2):299–303.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Sarwal MM, Yorgin PD, Alexander S, Millan MT, Belson A, Belanger N, et al. Promising early outcomes with a novel, complete steroid avoidance immunosuppression protocol in pediatric renal transplantation. Transplantation. 2001;72(1):13–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Jabs K, Sullivan EK, Avner ED, Harmon WE. Alternate-day steroid dosing improves growth without adversely affecting graft survival or long-term graft function. A report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study. Transplantation. 1996;61(1):31–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Fine RN, Martz K, Stablein D. What have 20 years of data from the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study taught us about growth following renal transplantation in infants, children, and adolescents with end-stage renal disease? Pediatr Nephrol. 2010;25(4):739–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Pape L, Ehrich JH, Zivicnjak M, Offner G. Living related kidney donation as an advantage for growth of children independent of glomerular filtration rate. Transplant Proc. 2006;38(3):685–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Pape L, Ehrich JH, Zivicnjak M, Offner G. Growth in children after kidney transplantation with living related donor graft or cadaveric graft. Lancet. 2005;366(9480):151–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD-MBD Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD). Kidney Int Suppl. 2009;(113):S1–S130.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Bergstrom J, Wang T, Lindholm B. Factors contributing to catabolism in end-stage renal disease patients. Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1998;24(1):92–101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Sharma AP, Singh RN, Yang C, Sharma RK, Kapoor R, Filler G. Bicarbonate therapy improves growth in children with incomplete distal renal tubular acidosis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009;24(8):1509–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Fine RN, Yadin O, Moulton L, Nelson PA, Boechat MI, Lippe BM. Five years experience with recombinant human growth hormone treatment of children with chronic renal failure. J Pediatr Endocrinol. 1994;7(1):1–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Mehls O, Tonshoff B, Haffner D, Wuhl E, Schaefer F. The use of recombinant human growth hormone in short children with chronic renal failure. J Pediatr Endocrinol. 1994;7(2):107–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Hodson EM, Willis NS, Craig JC. Growth hormone for children with chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;2:CD003264.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Hokken-Koelega A, Mulder P, De Jong R, Lilien M, Donckerwolcke R, Groothof J. Long-term effects of growth hormone treatment on growth and puberty in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Pediatr Nephrol. 2000;14(7):701–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Schwarz HP, Walczak M, Birkholz-Walerzak D, Szalecki M, Nanu M, Woehling H, et al. Two-year data from a long-term phase IV study of recombinant human growth hormone in short children born small for gestational age. Adv Ther. 2016;33:423.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Hou L, Chen ZH, Liu D, Cheng YG, Luo XP. Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a PEGylated recombinant human growth hormone and daily recombinant human growth hormone in growth hormone-deficient children. Drug Design Dev Ther. 2016;10:13–21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Saenger PH, Mejia-Corletto J. Long-acting growth hormone: an update. Endocr Dev. 2016;30:79–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Akchurin OM, Melamed ML, Hashim BL, Kaskel FJ, Del Rio M. Medication adherence in the transition of adolescent kidney transplant recipients to the adult care. Pediatr Transplant. 2014;18(5):538–48.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Fine RN, Kohaut EC, Brown D, Perlman AJ. Growth after recombinant human growth hormone treatment in children with chronic renal failure: report of a multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Genentech Cooperative Study Group. J Pediatr. 1994;124(3):374–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Haffner D, Wuhl E, Schaefer F, Nissel R, Tonshoff B, Mehls O. Factors predictive of the short- and long-term efficacy of growth hormone treatment in prepubertal children with chronic renal failure. The German Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment in Chronic Renal Failure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998;9(10):1899–907.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Fine RN, Stablein D. Long-term use of recombinant human growth hormone in pediatric allograft recipients: a report of the NAPRTCS Transplant Registry. Pediatr Nephrol. 2005;20(3):404–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Franke D, Winkel S, Gellermann J, Querfeld U, Pape L, Ehrich JH, et al. Growth and maturation improvement in children on renal replacement therapy over the past 20 years. Pediatr Nephrol. 2013;28(10):2043–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Mehls O, Lindberg A, Nissel R, Haffner D, Hokken-Koelega A, Ranke MB. Predicting the response to growth hormone treatment in short children with chronic kidney disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(2):686–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Mahan JD, Warady BA, Frane J, Rosenfeld RG, Swinford RD, Lippe B, et al. First-year response to rhGH therapy in children with CKD: a National Cooperative Growth Study Report. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010;25(6):1125–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Al-Uzri A, Swinford RD, Nguyen T, Jenkins R, Gunsul A, Kachan-Liu SS, et al. The utility of the IGF-I generation test in children with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2013;28(12):2323–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Fine RN, Ho M, Tejani A, Blethen S. Adverse events with rhGH treatment of patients with chronic renal insufficiency and end-stage renal disease. J Pediatr. 2003;142(5):539–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Dharnidharka VR, Talley LI, Martz KL, Stablein DM, Fine RN. Recombinant growth hormone use pretransplant and risk for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease – a report of the NAPRTCS. Pediatr Transplant. 2008;12(6):689–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Guler HP, Eckardt KU, Zapf J, Bauer C, Froesch ER. Insulin-like growth factor I increase glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow in man. Acta Endocrinol. 1989;121(1):101–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Kopple JD, Hirschberg R. Physiological effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I on the kidney. Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1990;16(1):82–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Mehls O, Lindberg A, Haffner D, Schaefer F, Wuhl E. Long-term growth hormone treatment in short children with CKD does not accelerate decline of renal function: results from the KIGS registry and ESCAPE trial. Pediatr Nephrol. 2015;30:2145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. van Huis M, Bonthuis M, Sahpazova E, Mencarelli F, Spasojević B, Reusz G, et al. Considerable variations in growth hormone policy and prescription in paediatric end-stage renal disease across European countries—a report from the ESPN/ERA-EDTA registry. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2016;31(4):609–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Greenbaum LA, Hidalgo G, Chand D, Chiang M, Dell K, Kump T, et al. Obstacles to the prescribing of growth hormone in children with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2008;23(9):1531–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Wu Y, Cheng W, Yang XD, Xiang B. Growth hormone improves growth in pediatric renal transplant recipients – a systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pediatr Nephrol. 2013;28(1):129–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Broyer M. Results and side-effects of treating children with growth hormone after kidney transplantation – a preliminary report. Pharmacia & Upjohn Study Group. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1996;417:76–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. North American Pediatric Renal Trials and Cooperative Studies (NAPRTCS) 2014 Annual Transplant Report. https://web.emmes.com/study/ped/annlrept/annualrept2014.pdf. 2014.

  104. Bertram JF, Goldstein SL, Pape L, et al. Kidney disease in children: latest advances and remaining challenges. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2016;12:182–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Pediatric Kidney Services and Hypertension, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA

    Amira Al-Uzri

  2. Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA

    Annabelle N. Chua

  3. University of Missouri—Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA

    Bradley A. Warady

  4. Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA

    Bradley A. Warady

Authors
  1. Amira Al-Uzri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Annabelle N. Chua
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Bradley A. Warady
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bradley A. Warady .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Departments of Medicine and Public Health, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA

    Connie M. Rhee

  2. Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, Public Health, and Nursing Sciences, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA

    Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh

  3. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Departments of Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Gregory A. Brent

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Al-Uzri, A., Chua, A.N., Warady, B.A. (2019). Growth Hormone Disorders and Abnormal Stature in Kidney Disease. In: Rhee, C., Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Brent, G. (eds) Endocrine Disorders in Kidney Disease. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97765-2_21

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97765-2_21

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-97763-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-97765-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation