Abstract
Our understanding of the minimal residual disease (MRD) in solid cancers indicates that it can persist in the system for years or even decades. We now know that the persistence of MRD might depend on the dormancy of the disseminated cancer cells (DCCs). Once DCCs exit dormancy, they become metastatic and the survival rates of the patients inevitably decrease. Thus, innovative treatments are required to extend the asymptomatic phase of MRD after the initial therapeutic intervention. With the latest advances in cancer research, there is a greater need to explore and understand the biology, timing of dissemination, and origin of DCCs during tumor progression. These important aspects of DCCs impact the selection, design, administration, and timing of effective therapies. Herein, we summarize the current understanding of MRD biology in solid tumors, with a focus on epigenetics and pluripotency, presenting an overall view of the direction the field is taking to reach the goal of reducing cancer-related mortalities that result from metastasis.
Keywords
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- ADT:
-
androgen depletion therapy
- AR:
-
androgen receptor
- ATG:
-
autophagy-related gene
- atRA:
-
all trans retinoic acid
- BET:
-
bromodomain and extraterminal domain
- BM:
-
bone marrow
- BMP:
-
bone morphogenetic proteins
- BP:
-
bisphosphonate
- CAF:
-
cancer associated fibroblasts
- CCC:
-
circulating cancer cells
- CNV:
-
copy number variations
- CSC:
-
cancer stem cells
- CUP:
-
cancer of unknown primary origin
- DCC:
-
disseminated cancer cells
- DNMT1:
-
DNA methyltransferase 1
- E2:
-
estradiol
- ECM:
-
extracellular matrix
- EGFR:
-
epithelial growth factor receptor
- EMT:
-
epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- ER:
-
estrogen receptor
- ESC:
-
embryonic stem cell
- GHB:
-
4-hydroxybutyrate
- HDAC:
-
histone deacetylases
- HER2:
-
human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- HF:
-
hair follicle
- HNSCC:
-
head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
- HPSCC:
-
hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
- iPSC:
-
induced pluripotent stem cells
- LA:
-
leukapheresis
- LOH:
-
loss of heterozygosity
- MALAT:
-
metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1
- MMPs:
-
matrix metalloproteinases
- MRD:
-
minimal residual disease
- OSKM:
-
Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and Myc transcription factors
- PGR:
-
progesterone receptor
- RARβ:
-
retinoic acid receptor β
- SAM:
-
S-adenosylmethionine
- SOX9:
-
SRY [sex determining region Y]- box 9
- SPARC:
-
secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine
- SSADH:
-
succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase
- TET:
-
Ten-eleven Translocations
- TF:
-
transcription factors
- TGF-β:
-
transforming growth factor-β
- TSS:
-
transcription start sites
- αKG:
-
α-ketoglutarate
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Acknowledgments
M.S.S. was supported by the Schneider-Lesser Foundation Fellow Award, the Melanoma Research Alliance (MRA), the NCI Transition Career Development Award (K22) (22CA 201054), and the Susan G. Komen Career Catalyst Research Grants (basic/translational and clinical research) CCR17483357.
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Carlini, M.J., Shrivastava, N., Sosa, M.S. (2018). Epigenetic and Pluripotency Aspects of Disseminated Cancer Cells During Minimal Residual Disease. In: Aguirre-Ghiso, J. (eds) Biological Mechanisms of Minimal Residual Disease and Systemic Cancer. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1100. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97746-1_1
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