Abstract
Dysphagia means difficulty in swallowing. Dysphagia may result from any alteration of the swallowing process from food introduction into the mouth and bolus entry into the stomach. Given the complexity of this process, it is clear that a wide array of mechanical and functional abnormalities may result in dysphagia. Despite the large number of possible etiologies, dysphagia may be divided into abnormalities related to the movement of a food bolus from the mouth and into the esophagus (transfer or oropharyngeal dysphagia) or alterations in the movement of food bolus through the esophagus and entry into the stomach (transport or esophageal dysphagia).
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Gasiorowska A, Fass R. Current approach to dysphagia. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;5:269–79.
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Bandyopadhyay, N., Fass, R., Yamasaki, T., Hemond, C. (2019). Dysphagia. In: Pocket Handbook of Esophageal Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97331-9_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97331-9_3
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