Abstract
There are many approaches to the practice of crisis management. However, most of these approaches are organization-centric, concerned mostly with how best an organization can prepare for, respond to and contain crisis. These organization-centric approaches negate the view that when organizations are affected by a crisis, so too are their stakeholders. This chapter provides an overview of the different approaches to stakeholder theories, as well as the methods for identifying, mapping and analysing the organization’s stakeholders. It examines various understandings of stakeholder theory and applies a wider understanding of the concept from the perspective of crisis management. The chapter draws on both the instrumental and normative stakeholder perspectives. It argues that by adopting a stakeholder approach, organizations can optimize their crisis management efforts.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ackermann, F., & Eden, C. (2010). Strategic Management of Stakeholders: Theory and Practice. LRP—International Journal of Strategic Management, 44, 179–196.
Alpaslan, C. M., Green, S. E., & Mitroff, I. I. (2009). Corporate Governance in the Context of Crises: Towards a Stakeholder Theory of Crisis Management. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 17(1), 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2009.00555.x
Atwood, E. L., & Major, A. M. (1998). Exploring the ‘Cry Wolf’ Hypothesis. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 16(3), 279–302.
Blanchard-Boehm, D. R. (1998). Understanding Public Response to Increased Risk from Natural Hazards: Application of the Hazards Risk Communication Framework. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 16(3), 247–278.
Coombs, W. T. (2009). Conceptualizing Crisis Communication. In R. L. Heath & H. D. O`Hair (Eds.), Handbook of Crisis and Risk Communication (pp. 100–119). New York, NY: Routledge.
Coombs, W. T. (2012). Parameters for Crisis Communication. In T. W. Coombs & S. J. Holladay (Eds.), The Handbook of Crisis Communication. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Donaldson, T., & Preston, L. E. (1995). The Stakeholder Theory of the Corporation: Concepts, Evidence, and Implications. Academy of Management Review, 20, 65–91.
Evan, W. M. (1965). Toward a Theory of Inter-Organizational Relations. Management Science, 11(10), B217–B230.
Fearn-Banks, K. (2011). Crisis Communication: A Casebook Approach (4th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Ferguson, S. D. (1999). Communication Planning: An Integrated Approach. London: Sage Publications.
Fontaine, C., Haarman, A., & Schmid, S. (2006). The Stakeholder Theory (of the Multi National Corporation). Retrieved from http://www.edalys.fr/documents/Stakeholders%20theory.pdf
Freeman, R. E. (1994). The Politics of Stakeholder Theory: Some Future Directions. Business Ethics Quarterly, 4(4), 409–421. https://doi.org/10.2307/3857340
Freeman, R. E., Harrison, J. S., & Wicks, A. C. (2008). Managing for Stakeholders: Survival, Reputation, and Success. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Freeman, R. E., & McVea, J. (2001). A Stakeholder Approach to Strategic Management. In M. A. Hitt, R. E. Freeman, & J. Harrison (Eds.), The Blackwell Handbook of Strategic Management. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Freeman, R. E., & Phillips, R. A. (2002). Stakeholder Theory: A Libertarian Defense. Business Ethics Quarterly, 12(3), 331–349. https://doi.org/10.2307/3858020
Freeman, R. E., & Reed, D. L. (1983). Stockholders and Stakeholders: A New Perspective on Corporate Governance. California Management Review, 25(3), 88–106. https://doi.org/10.2307/41165018
Friedman, A. L., & Miles, S. (2006). Stakeholders: Theory and Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Grunig, J. E., & Hunt, T. (1984). Managing Public Relations. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Grunig, J. E., & Repper, F. (1992). Strategic Management, Publics, and Issues. In J. E. Grunig (Ed.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management (pp. 117–157). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Heath, R. L. (1997). Strategic Issues Management: Organizations and Public Policy Challenges. London: Sage.
Heath, R. L. (2012). Crisis Communication: Defining the Beast and De-marginalizing Key Publics. In W. T. Coombs & S. J. Holladay (Eds.), The Handbook of Crisis Communication. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
Helm, S., Kerstin, L.-G., & Storck, C. (2011). Reputation Management. Berlin: Springer.
Holladay, S. J. (2009). Crisis Communication Strategies in the Media Coverage of Chemical Accidents. Journal of Public Relations Research, 21(2), 208–217.
Mackey, S. (2006). Misuse of the Term ‘Stakeholder’ in Public Relations. PRIsm, 4(1). Retrieved from http://www.prismjournal.org/fileadmin/Praxis/Files/Journal_Files/2006_general/Mackey.pdf
Major, A. M. (1998). The Utility of Situational Theory of Publics for Assessing Public Response to a Disaster Prediction. Public Relations Review, 24(4), 489–508.
Mitchell, R. K., Agle, B. R., & Wood, D. J. (1997). Toward a Theory of Stakeholder Identification and Salience: Defining the Principle of Who and What Really Counts. The Academy of Management Review, 22(4), 853–886. https://doi.org/10.2307/259247
Mitroff, I. I., Pearson, C. M., & Harrington, L. K. (1996). Essential Guide to Managing Corporate Crises. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Pearson, C. M., & Clair, J. A. (1998). Reframing Crisis Management. The Academy of Management Review, 23(1), 59–76. https://doi.org/10.2307/259099
Polonsky, M. J. (1996). Stakeholder Management and the Stakeholder Matrix: Potential Strategic Marketing Tools. Journal of Market Focused Management, 1(3), 209–229.
Post, J. E., Preston, L. E., & Sachs, S. (2002). Managing the Extended Enterprise: The New Stakeholder View. California Management Review, 45(1), 6–28.
Preston, L. E., & Sapienza, H. J. (1990). Stakeholder Management and Corporate Performance. Journal of Behavioral Economics, 19(4), 361–375.
Raupp, J. (2011). The Concept of Stakeholders and Its Relevance for Corporate Social Responsibility Communication. In Ø. Ihlen, J. Bartlett, & S. May (Eds.), The Handbook of Communication and Corporate Social Responsibility. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
Rawlins, B. L. (2006). Prioritizing Stakeholders for Public Relations. Retrieved August 20, 2015, from http://www.instituteforpr.org/wp-content/uploads/2006_Stakeholders_1.pdf
Reiss, G., Anthony, M., Chapman, J., Leigh, G., Rayner, P., & Pyne, A. (2006). Gower Handbook of Programme Management. Aldershot, UK: Gower.
Zaremba, A. J. (2010). Crisis Communication: Theory and Practice. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ndlela, M.N. (2019). Stakeholder Approaches in Crisis Management. In: Crisis Communication. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97256-5_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97256-5_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Pivot, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-97255-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-97256-5
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)