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Placental Changes in Amniotic Band Sequence, Extra-Amniotic and Extramembranous Pregnancy

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Pathology of the Placenta

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Abstract

Three entities, characterized by rupture of the amnion, are described. Amniotic band sequence is a group of congenital abnormalities with a variable spectrum of abnormalities characterized by formation of fibrous bands or sheets from the placenta attaching to fetal structures. The placenta often shows an intact, somewhat thickened chorion and a globular portion of disrupted amnion at the base of the umbilical cord with small tethers to the cord. Extra-amniotic and extramembranous pregnancy are rare events in which the fetus develops partially or completely outside intact membranes. Extra-amniotic pregnancy occurs with complete amnion rupture sufficiently early, or late, in gestation with no fetal sequelae of amniotic band formation. It results in a small, thick remnant of amnion remaining attached to the proximal umbilical cord within an intact chorionic membrane. Disruption of both amnion and chorion in early to mid-gestation results in extramembranous pregnancy associated with placental circumvallation and high fetal morbidity. Residual membranes are short and thick comprising a restrictive sac insufficient to contain the developing fetus.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Pavilion for Women, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

    Eumenia Castro

  2. Division of Community Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Texas Children’s Hospital The Woodlands, The Woodlands, TX, USA

    Eileen McKay

  3. Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

    Eileen McKay

Authors
  1. Eumenia Castro
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  2. Eileen McKay
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eumenia Castro .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anatomical Pathology, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia

    T. Yee Khong

  2. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland

    Eoghan E. Mooney

  3. Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Peter G. J. Nikkels

  4. Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA

    Terry K. Morgan

  5. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Sanne J. Gordijn

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Castro, E., McKay, E. (2019). Placental Changes in Amniotic Band Sequence, Extra-Amniotic and Extramembranous Pregnancy. In: Khong, T., Mooney, E., Nikkels, P., Morgan, T., Gordijn, S. (eds) Pathology of the Placenta. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97214-5_39

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97214-5_39

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-97213-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-97214-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

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