Abstract
The conclusion reiterates that since the 1980s in Italy reggae and reggae-inflected hip hop have resonated strongly with the perceived cultural, linguistic, social, and political marginalization experienced by many Italians, particularly in the southern regions of the country. By infusing reggae and reggae-inflected hip hop with local elements, such as multiple local languages and linguistic codes, southern Italian artists have created transversal and transnational alliances with other marginalized subjectivities along ethnic, cultural, and political lines. As such, reggae, and later reggae-inflected hip hop, has also provided means to promote transcultural and inter-linguistic dialogue within the diverse local contexts that have continued to divide Italy along northern and southern regional identities since its unification in 1861.
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- 1.
The Twelve Tribes of Israel is a Rastafarian group based in Kingston, which was formed in 1968 and based on the 12 astrological zodiac signs; Bob Marley was an adherent.
- 2.
“Watch out Babylonian Mafia macaroni / Fire upon the one named Silvio Berlusconi / … Lucifer rolling out in a blue Lamborghini / Fire upon the one named Benito Mussolini / … I burn fire from Rome to Milan / Twelve Tribes of Israel burn down Vatican / … President Berlusconi why are you pushing us back? / Those lies of yours got tired long ago but you’re still talking / Silvio I’m going to have to tell you to get fucked.”
- 3.
“Let the youth express themselves / … Invest in the youth / Believe in all of the youth / Stop pressuring the youth / … I don’t want to live in a Fascist society / I won’t be part of a Nazi democracy.”
- 4.
For a comprehensive history of the festival, see the documentary The Story of the Rototom Crew from 1991, directed by Tommaso D’Elia and Silvia Bonanni and available online at www.rototomsunsplash.com.
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Discography
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Scarparo, S., Stevenson, M.S. (2018). Conclusion. In: Reggae and Hip Hop in Southern Italy. Pop Music, Culture and Identity. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96505-5_8
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