Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Realization of PSO-Based Adaptive Beamforming Algorithm for Smart Antennas

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Advances in Nature-Inspired Computing and Applications

Part of the book series: EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing ((EAISICC))

Abstract

A novel beamforming technique based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm and its subsequent implementation on Xilinx Virtex4 Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) board is described. A prescribed limit in Side-Lobes Level (SLL) , Beamwidth between the First Nulls (FNBW) and depth of the nulls steered at various interfering directions are considered as beam controlling attributes in this work. All these criteria are included first in two dissimilar reference templates using Dolph–Chebyshev polynomial and Cosine function. Stochastic process is used next to optimize the physical and electrical parameters of a linear antenna array satisfactorily complying with the desired pattern features altogether. System design using Finite State Machine with Datapath (FSMD) modeling and suitable COordinate Rotation DIgital Computer (CORDIC) functional blocks are prepared for its final realization on a dedicated hardware. Its performance is then evaluated with several fixed-point simulations in terms of beamforming accuracy and computational overheads under both Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading channel conditions. These results corroborate its competency comparable to the existing beamforming methods of smart antennas.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Tsoulos GV, Beach M, McGeehan J (1997) Wireless personal communications for the 21st century: European technological advances in adaptive antennas. IEEE Commun Mag 35(9):102–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Liberti JC Jr, Rappaport TS (1999) Smart antennas for wireless communications: IS-95 and third generation CDMA applications. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle Rive, New Jersey

    Google Scholar 

  3. Sun C, Cheng J, Ohira T (eds) (2009) Handbook on advancements in smart antenna technologies for wireless networks. IGI Global, New York

    Google Scholar 

  4. Soni RA, Buehrer RM, Benning RD (2002) Intelligent antenna system for cdma2000. IEEE Signal Process Mag 19(4):54–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Babich F, Comisso M, D’orlando M et al (2006) Interference mitigation on WLANs using smart antennas. Wirel Pers Commun 36(4):387–401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Huang X, Wang J, Fang Y (2007) Achieving maximum flow in interference-aware wireless sensor networks with smart antennas. Ad Hoc Netw 5(6):885–896

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. El Zooghby A (2005) Smart antenna engineering. Artech House, London

    Google Scholar 

  8. Janaswamy R (2002) Radiowave propagation and smart antennas for wireless communications. Kluwer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  9. Bellofiore S, Balanis CA, Foutz J et al (2002) Smart-antenna systems for mobile communication networks. Part 1: overview and antenna design. IEEE Antennas Propag Mag 44(3):145–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Bellofiore S, Foutz J, Balanis CA et al (2002) Smart-antenna systems for mobile communication networks. Part 2: beamforming and network throughput. IEEE Antennas Propag Mag 44(4):106–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Blanz JJ, Papathanassiou A, Haardt M et al (2000) Smart antennas for combined DOA and joint channel estimation in time-slotted CDMA mobile radio systems with joint detection. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 49(2):293–306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Winters JH (2006) Smart antenna techniques and their application to wireless ad hoc networks. IEEE Wirel Commun 13(4):77–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Sundaresan K, Sivakumar R (2006) Ad hoc networks with heterogeneous smart antennas: performance analysis and protocols. Wirel Commun Mobile Comput 6(7):893–916

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Chen K, Jiang F (2007) A range-adaptive directional MAC protocol for wireless ad hoc networks with smart antennas. Int J Electron Commun 61(10):645–656

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Quintero A, Li DY, Castro H (2007) A location routing protocol based on smart antennas for ad hoc networks. J Netw Comput Appl 30(2):614–636

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Lim C-H, Wan Y, Ng B-P et al (2007) A real-time indoor Wi-Fi localization system utilizing smart antennas. IEEE Trans Consum Electron 53(2):618–622

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Roy S, Boudreault J-F, Dupont L (2008) An end-to-end prototyping framework for compliant wireless LAN transceivers with smart antennas. Comput Commun 31(8):1551–1563

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Perez-Neira A, Mestre X, Fonollosa JR (2001) Smart Antennas in software radio base stations. IEEE Commun Mag 39(2):166–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Falletti E, Presti LL, Sellone F (2006) SAM LOST smart antennas-based movable localization system. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 55(1):25–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Biswas RN, Mitra SK, Naskar MK (2014) A robust mobile anchor based localization system for wireless sensor networks using smart antenna. Int J Ad-hoc Ubiquitous Comput 15(1/2/3):23–37

    Google Scholar 

  21. Kang M, Alouini M-S, Yang L (2002) Outage probability and spectrum efficiency of cellular mobile radio systems with smart antennas. IEEE Trans Commun 50(12):1871–1877

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Amin M, Zhang Y, Mancuso V et al (2002) Applications of smart antennas to rotorcrafts. Digit Signal Proc 12(2–3):159–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Naguib AF, Seshadri N, Calderbank AR (2000) Increasing data rate over wireless channels. IEEE Signal Process Mag 17(3):76–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Bandyopadhyay S, Roy S, Ueda T (2006) Enhancing the performance of ad hoc wireless networks with smart antennas. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton

    Book  Google Scholar 

  25. Huang F, Leung K-C, Li VOK (2010) Transmission radius control in wireless ad hoc networks with smart antennas. IEEE Trans Commun 58(8):2356–2370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Babich F, Comisso M (2009) Throughput and delay analysis of 802.11-based wireless networks using smart and directional antennas. IEEE Trans Commun 57(5):1413–1423

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Khedr AM, Osamy W (2006) A topology discovery algorithm for sensor network using smart antennas. Comput Commun 29(12):2261–2268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Godara LC (2004) Smart antennas. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Book  Google Scholar 

  29. Winters JH (1998) Smart antennas for wireless systems. IEEE Pers Commun 5(1):23–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Karmakar NC (ed) (2010) Handbook of smart antennas for RFID systems. Wiley, New Jersey

    Google Scholar 

  31. Babich F, Comisso M, D’orlando M et al (2007) Performance evaluation of distributed wireless networks using smart antennas in low-rank channel. IEEE Trans Commun 55(7):1344–1353

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Kennedy J, Sullivan MC (1995) Direction finding and “smart antennas” using software radio architectures. IEEE Commun Mag 33(5):62–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Kavak A, Torlak M, Vogel WJ et al (2000) Vector channels for smart antennas-measurements, statistical modeling, and directional properties in outdoor environments. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 48(6):930–937

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Gies D, Rahmat-Samii Y (2003) Particle swarm optimization for reconfigurable phase-differentiated array design. Microw Opt Technol Lett 38(3):168–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Robinson J, Rahmat-Samii Y (2004) Particle swarm optimization in electromagnetic. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 52(2):397–402

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  36. Dikmese S, Kavak A, Kucuk K et al (2010) Digital signal processor against field programmable gate array implementations of space-code correlator beamformer for smart antennas. IET J Microw Antennas Propag 4(5):593–599

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Dikmese S, Kavak A, Kucuk K et al (2011) FPGA based implementation and comparison of beamformers for CDMA 2000. Wirel Pers Commun 57(2):233–253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Wood R, McAllister J, Lightbody G et al (2008) FPGA-based implementation of signal processing systems. Wiley, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  39. Grout I (2008) Digital systems design with FPGAs and CPLDs. Elsevier, USA

    Google Scholar 

  40. Song YS, Kwon HM, Min BJ (2001) Computationally efficient smart antennas for CDMA wireless communications. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 50(6):1613–1628

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Haardt M, Spencer Q (2003) Smart antennas for wireless communications beyond the third generation. Comput Commun 26(1):41–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Ward CR, Hargrave PJ, McWhirter JG (1986) A novel algorithm and architecture for adaptive digital beamforming. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag AP 34(3):338–346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Nuteson TW, Stocker JE, Clark JS et al (2002) Performance characterization of FPGA techniques for calibration and beamforming in smart antenna applications. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech 50(12):3043–3051

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Choi S, Shim D (2000) A novel adaptive beamforming algorithm for a smart antenna system in a CDMA mobile communication environment. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 49(5):1793–1806

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Sun C, Hirata A, Ohira T et al (2004) Fast beamforming of electronically steerable parasitic array radiator antennas: theory and experiment. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 52(7):1819–1832

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Li J, Jin R, Sheng Y (2003) A fast synthesis algorithm of adaptive beams for smart antennas. Microw Opt Technol Lett 36(6):503–507

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Khodaei FG, Nourinia J, Ghobadi C (2010) Adaptive beamforming algorithm with increased speed and improved reliability for smart antennas. Comput Electr Eng 36(6):1140–1146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Hsu C-H (2007) Uplink MIMO–SDMA optimisation of smart antennas by phase-amplitude perturbations based on memetic algorithms for wireless and mobile communication systems. IET Commun 1(3):520–525

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Lee W-C, Choi S (2005) Adaptive beamforming algorithm based on eigen-space method for smart antennas. IEEE Commun Lett 9(10):888–890

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Chang D-C, Hu C-N (2012) Smart antennas for advanced communication systems. Proc IEEE 100(7):2233–2249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Hanzo L, Blogh JS, Ni S (2008) 3G, HSPA and FDD versus TDD networking smart antennas and adaptive modulation, 2nd edn. Wiley, London

    Google Scholar 

  52. Sarkar TK, Wicks MC, Salazar-Palma M et al (2003) Smart antennas. Wiley, New Jersey

    Book  Google Scholar 

  53. Chryssomallis M (2000) Smart antennas. IEEE Antennas Propag Mag 42(3):129–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Balanis CA (2004) Antenna theory analysis and design, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  55. Zorzi M (2002) On the capture performance of smart antennas in a multicellular environment. IEEE Trans Commun 50(4):536–539

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Sheikh K, Gesbert D, Gore D et al (1999) Smart antennas for broadband wireless access networks. IEEE Commun Mag 37(11):100–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Cardoso FACM, Fernandes MAC, Arantes DS (2002) Space-time processing for smart antennas in advanced receivers for the user terminal in 3G WCDMA systems. IEEE Trans Consum Electron 48(4):1082–1090

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Ho M-J, Stuber GL, Austin MD (1998) Performance of switched-beam smart antennas for cellular radio systems. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 47(1):10–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Hartmann C, Nasser N (2009) Modeling and performance analysis of multi-service wireless CDMA cellular networks using smart antennas. Wirel Commun Mobile Comput 9(1):117–129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Gross FB (2005) Smart antennas for wireless communications. McGraw-Hill, USA

    Google Scholar 

  61. Meher PK, Walls J, Juang T-B et al (2009) 50 years of CORDIC: algorithms, architectures and applications. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst I Regul Pap 56(9):1893–1907

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  62. Chu PP (2008) FPGA prototyping by verilog examples. Wiley, New Jersey

    Google Scholar 

  63. Rao KD (2015) Channel coding techniques for wireless communications. Springer, New Delhi

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  64. Hong L, Armada AG (2011) Bit error rate performance of MIMO MMSE receivers in correlated Rayleigh flat-fading channels. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 60(1):313–317

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. A.J.C. Bose Polytechnic, North 24 Parganas District, West Bengal, India

    Rathindra Nath Biswas

  2. Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Anurup Saha & Mrinal Kanti Naskar

  3. MCKV Institute of Engineering, Howrah, West Bengal, India

    Swarup Kumar Mitra

Authors
  1. Rathindra Nath Biswas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anurup Saha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Swarup Kumar Mitra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mrinal Kanti Naskar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mrinal Kanti Naskar .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. VIT Bhopal University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

    Shishir Kumar Shandilya

  2. Sagar Institute of Research, Technology and Science, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

    Smita Shandilya

  3. Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK

    Atulya K. Nagar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Biswas, R.N., Saha, A., Mitra, S.K., Naskar, M.K. (2019). Realization of PSO-Based Adaptive Beamforming Algorithm for Smart Antennas. In: Shandilya, S., Shandilya, S., Nagar, A. (eds) Advances in Nature-Inspired Computing and Applications. EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96451-5_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96451-5_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-96450-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-96451-5

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation