Abstract
This chapter studies the Active Clamp ZVS-PWM Forward Converter. After the presentation of the power converter topology, the qualitative analysis is presented, which includes the description of operation, topological states for each time interval and relevant waveforms. Then, quantitative analysis, focusing on static gain and soft-commutation are presented. The necessary equations for the design of the parameters involved in the soft-commutation are obtained. Also included are numerical examples to illustrate the theoretical analysis, proposed exercises with solutions and numerical simulations.
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Abbreviations
- Vi:
-
Input DC voltage
- Vo:
-
Output DC voltage
- Po:
-
Output power
- Co:
-
Output capacitor filter
- Lo:
-
Output inductor filter
- Ro:
-
Output load resistor
- ZVS:
-
Zero voltage switching
- q:
-
Converter static gain
- D:
-
Duty cycle
- Dnom:
-
Nominal duty cycle
- fs:
-
Switching frequency
- Ts:
-
Switching period
- td:
-
Dead time
- n:
-
Transformer turns ratio
- T:
-
Transformer
- N1, N2 and N3:
-
Transformer windings
- Lc:
-
Commutation inductance (may be the transformer leakage inductance or an additional inductor, if necessary)
- iLc:
-
Commutation inductor current
- Lm:
-
Transformer magnetizing inductance
- iLm (ILm):
-
Transformer magnetizing inductance current and its average value
- \( {{\text{v}}_{\text{o}}^{{\prime }} } \) \( \left({{\text{V}}_{\text{o}}^{{\prime }} } \right)\) :
-
Output voltage referred to the transformer primary side and its average value
- vLm:
-
Magnetizing inductance voltage
- VC3 \( \left( {\overline{{{\text{V}}_{{{\text{C}}3}} }} } \right) \):
-
Clamping capacitor voltage and its normalized value
- \( {{\text{I}}_{\text{o}}^{{\prime }} } \) \( \left( {\overline{{{\text{I}}_{\text{o}}^{{\prime }} }} } \right) \) :
-
Average output current referred to the primary and its normalized value
- ii (Ii):
-
DC bus current and its average value
- iLm (ILm):
-
Magnetizing inductor current and its average value
- ∆iLm:
-
Magnetizing inductor current ripple
- I1:
-
Magnetizing inductor current at the end of time interval 4
- I2:
-
Magnetizing inductor current at the end of time interval 8
- S1:
-
Main switch
- S2:
-
Active clamp switch
- D1, D2:
-
Diodes in anti-parallel to the switches (MOSFET—intrinsic diodes)
- D3, D4:
-
Output rectifier diodes
- C1, C2:
-
Capacitors in parallel to the switches (MOSFET—intrinsic capacitors)
- vab (Vab):
-
Converter ac voltage, between points “a” and “b” and its average value
- vS1, vS2:
-
Voltage across switches
- iS1, iS2:
-
Switches current
- iC1, iC2, iC3:
-
Capacitors current
- ∆t1:
-
Time interval of the first and second step of operation (t2–t0)
- ∆t2:
-
Time interval of the third and fourth step of operation (t4–t2)
- ∆t3:
-
Time interval of the fifth, sixth and seventh step of operation (t7–t4)
- ∆t32:
-
Time interval of the third step of operation in CCM (t3–t2)
- \( {\text{I}}_{{{\text{S1}}\;{\text{RMS}}}} \), \( \left( {\overline{{{\text{I}}_{{{\text{S1}}\;{\text{RMS}}}} }} } \right) \):
-
Switch S1 RMS current and its normalized value
References
Jitaru, I.D., Cocina, G.: High efficiency DC-DC converter. In: IEEE APEC 1994, pp. 638–644 (1994)
Duarte, C.M.C., Barbi, I.: A family of ZVS-PWM active-clamping DC-to-DC converters: synthesis, analysis, design, and experimentation. IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. 44(8) (1997)
Watson, R., Lee, F.C., Hua, G.C.: Utilization of an active-clamp circuit to achieve soft switching in flyback converters. IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 162–169 (1996)
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Barbi, I., Pöttker, F. (2019). Active Clamp ZVS-PWM Forward Converter. In: Soft Commutation Isolated DC-DC Converters. Power Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96178-1_11
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96178-1_11
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