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The Evolution of Horror: A Neo-Lovecraftian Poetics

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Book cover New Directions in Supernatural Horror Literature

Abstract

Recent advances in the sciences of human nature, such as evolutionary psychology, the cognitive science of religion, and cognitive and affective neuroscience, corroborate key aspects of Lovecraft’s poetics of horror as delineated in Supernatural Horror in Literature, including his claim about a natural basis for the appeal of horror stories and his claim that people are biologically susceptible to superstitious fear. Horror and weird stories depend on ancient, evolved mechanisms in human nature, as Lovecraft claimed, and because of recent scientific advances, we are now in a position to chart these mechanisms and explain their evolutionary history as well as their relevance to the academic study of horror and weird fiction.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    H. P. Lovecraft, The Annotated Supernatural Horror in Literature, ed. S. T. Joshi (New York: Hippocampus Press, 2000). Further citations from this volume are indicated by in-text pagination.

  2. 2.

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    Douglas E. Winter, “Introduction,” in Prime Evil: New Stories by the Masters of Modern Horror, ed. Douglas E. Winter (New York: New American Library, 1988), 12.

  7. 7.

    Mathias Clasen, “Monsters Evolve: A Biocultural Approach to Horror Stories,” Review of General Psychology 16, no. 2 (2012).

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  16. 16.

    H. P. Lovecraft, The Dream Cycle of H.P. Lovecraft: Dreams of Terror and Death, 1st ed. (New York: Ballantine Books, 1995), 103–4.

  17. 17.

    SHL, p. 22.

  18. 18.

    Clasen, “Monsters Evolve: A Biocultural Approach to Horror Stories”; Francis F. Steen and Stephanie A. Owens, “Evolution’s Pedagogy: An Adaptationist Model of Pretense and Entertainment,” Journal of Cognition and Culture 1, no. 4 (2001); John Tooby and Leda Cosmides, “Does Beauty Build Adapted Minds? Toward an Evolutionary Theory of Aesthetics, Fiction, and the Arts,” SubStance 30, no. 1&2 (2001).

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    Hans Kruuk, Hunter and Hunted: Relationships between Carnivores and People (Cambridge, UK; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 177.

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    R. Nicholas Carleton, “Fear of the Unknown: One Fear to Rule Them All?,” Journal of Anxiety Disorders Online ahead of print (2016), doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.03.011.

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  22. 22.

    Lovecraft, The Dream Cycle of H.P. Lovecraft: Dreams of Terror and Death, 103.

  23. 23.

    Carroll, Philosophy of Horror, 23, 28.

  24. 24.

    Val Curtis, Robert Aunger and Tamer Rabie, “Evidence that Disgust Evolved to Protect from Risk of Disease,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, vol. 271 (2004).

  25. 25.

    Megan Oaten, Richard J. Stevenson and Trevor I. Case, “Disgust as a Disease-Avoidance Mechanism,” Psychological Bulletin 135, no. 2 (2009).

  26. 26.

    Mathias Clasen, Why Horror Seduces (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017).

  27. 27.

    Mathias Clasen , “The Horror! The Horror!,” The Evolutionary Review 1, no. 1 (2010).

  28. 28.

    Edgar Allan Poe and Julian Symons, Selected Tales, New paperback ed., The World’s Classics (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), viii.

  29. 29.

    Laird Barron, “Why I Write: Laird Barron,” Publisher’s Weekly, July 12, 2010, http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/authors/interviews/article/43795-why-i-write-laird-barron.html.

  30. 30.

    Clasen, Why Horror Seduces.

  31. 31.

    Qtd. in Mathias Clasen, “A Conversation with Peter Straub,” Cemetery Dance, no. 61 (2009): 40.

  32. 32.

    Scott Atran and Ara Norenzayan, “Religion’s Evolutionary Landscape: Counterintuition, Commitment, Compassion, Communion,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 6 (2004).

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  34. 34.

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  35. 35.

    Pascal Boyer, Religion Explained: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought (New York: Basic Books, 2001).

  36. 36.

    Marks and Nesse, “Fear and Fitness: An Evolutionary Analysis of Anxiety Disorders.”

  37. 37.

    Dozier, Fear Itself: The Origin and Nature of the Powerful Emotion That Shapes Our Lives and Our World; Martin E. P. Seligman, “Phobias and Preparedness,” Behavior Therapy 2, no. 3 (1971).

  38. 38.

    Clasen, “The Horror! The Horror!”

  39. 39.

    Jonathan Gottschall, “Literature, Science, and a New Humanities,” in Evolution, Literature, and Film: A Reader, ed. Brian Boyd, Joseph Carroll, and Jonathan Gottschall (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010).

  40. 40.

    See also James B. Weaver, III and Ron Tamborini, ed. Horror Films: Current Research on Audience Preferences and Reactions (New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 1996).

  41. 41.

    Mathias Clasen, Jens Kjeldgaard-Christiansen and John A. Johnson, “Horror, Personality, and Threat Simulation: A Survey of the Psychology of Scary Media” (under submission).

  42. 42.

    Catharine Cross and Anne Campbell, “Women’s Aggression,” Aggression and Violent Behavior 16, no. 5 (2011): 392.

  43. 43.

    Tom Robinson, Clark Callahan, and Keith Evans, “Why Do We Keep Going Back? A Q Method Analysis of Our Attraction to Horror Movies,” Operant Subjectivity 37, no. 1/2 (2014).

  44. 44.

    Joseph Carroll et al., “Biocultural Theory: The Current State of Knowledge,” Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences Online ahead of print (2015), doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/ebs0000058.

  45. 45.

    Buss, Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind.

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Clasen, M. (2018). The Evolution of Horror: A Neo-Lovecraftian Poetics. In: Moreland, S. (eds) New Directions in Supernatural Horror Literature. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95477-6_3

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